In partnership with Conflict in Jerusalem: Urbanism, Planning, International Peace & Cooperation Center, 2018 and Resilience Palestinian www.ipcc-jerusalem.org Community Initiatives to Promote Urban Rights Conflict in Jerusalem: Urbanism, Planning, and Resilience Palestinian Community Initiatives to Promote Urban Rights This publication has been produced with the support of Friedrich Ebert Stiftung. The views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect the view of Friedrich Ebert Stiftung. Conflict in Jerusalem: Urbanism, Planning, and Resilience report 2018 by the International Peace and Cooperation Center (IPCC) is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike License. You may copy, distribute and transmit the work under the following conditions: you must attribute the work to the IPCC but not in any way that suggests that IPCC endorse you or your use of the work. If you alter, transform or build upon this work, you may distribute the resulting work only under the same or similar license to this one. Any of the above conditions can be waived if you get permission from IPCC. Table of Contents INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................................................... 3 CHAPTER ONE: MODERN URBAN HISTORY OF JERUSALEM/THE EMERGENCE OF NEW JERUSALEM .............................................................................................................................................................. 9 OVERVIEW .................................................................................................................................................................................................. 13 WESTERN BUILDING AND DEVELOPMENT IN JERUSALEM ............................................................................................... 18 JEWISH BUILDING UNDER THE OTTOMANS .............................................................................................................................. 25 ARAB EXPANSION IN THE 19TH CENTURY: A NEW PERSPECTIVE ................................................................................... 24 JERUSALEM UNDER THE BRITISH MANDATE ........................................................................................................................... 25 ARAB NEIGHBOURHOODS: NEW CLASS, NEW FEATURES .................................................................................................. 36 CHAPTER TWO: JERUSALEM FROM DIVISON TO FRAGMENTATION, 1948‐2018 ........................ 39 JERUSALEM: THE DIVIDED CITY: 1948‐1967 ............................................................................................................................ 49 ISRAELI OCCUPATION OF JERUSALEM ......................................................................................................................................... 52 ANNEXATION, SETTLEMENT‐BUILDING AND “GREEN LAND” DESIGNATION .......................................................... 52 TRANSFORMATIONS ON THE LEVEL OF INSTITUTIONS AND THEIR ROLE ............................................................... 46 THE SEPARATION BARRIER ............................................................................................................................................................... 60 JERUSALEM: STATE OF AFFAIRS 2018.......................................................................................................................................... 53 CHAPTER THREE: MASTER PLAN OF JERUSALEM 2020 ....................................................................... 60 IMPLICATIONS OF JERUSALEM MASTER PLAN 2020 ON FUTURE DEVELOPMENT OF THE CITY ................... 67 CHAPTER FOUR: JERUSALEM IN RELATION TO OTHER PALESTINIAN CITIES .............................. 74 OVERVIEW .................................................................................................................................................................................................. 75 1948 ‐ THE RESHAPING of PALESTINIAN URBANISM BY REFUGEES ............................................................................ 96 RECENT DEVELOPMENT IN RAMALLAH (AFTER OSLO) ...................................................................................................... 83 DEALING WITH DEVELOPMENT AND RAPID URBANIZATION .......................................................................................... 84 CHAPTER FIVE: IPCC’s PLANNING EXPERIENCE....................................................................................... 86 IPCC INTERVENTION ............................................................................................................................................................................. 87 CHAPTER SIX: IPCC PLANNING PROGRAM AT CITY LEVEL .................................................................. 96 PURPOSE OF THE PLAN ........................................................................................................................................................................ 96 PLANNING FOR A GROWING POPULATION IN EAST JERUSALEM ................................................................................ 145 WAY FORWARD ................................................................................................................................................ 153 CONCLUSION ....................................................................................................................................................... 154 BIBLIOGRAPHY .................................................................................................................................................. 120 2 Building permits are not often granted to Palestinians in East Jerusalem. Even if they are obtained, the space granted for construction is very limited. Discrimination in planning is evident and is the result of a policy to maintain the demographic balance between Israelis and Arabs. Palestinian residents are forced to cover all costs of planning preparations for their neighbourhoods themselves, without the guarantee their plans will be approved. Residents are constantly made to amend the plans and meet last minute demands, which entail INTRODUCTION expending greater amounts of time and money. Many proposed plans are withdrawn by the residents because of the delays and constant demands. This suggests that Israeli authorities are not interested in developing Palestinian neighbourhoods in Jerusalem. They seem to block any major development plans put forth by This report intends to shed light on Israeli policy in Palestinians. The Jerusalem Municipality imposes East Jerusalem, including parts of the West Bank many restrictions and blocks many outline plans that were annexed to Jerusalem in compliance with proposed by Palestinian residents in East Jerusalem. Israeli law and in violation to international Most of the housing provision for Palestinians is based humanitarian law, by reviewing the legal status of on self-built housing on private lands. Another barrier East Jerusalem, as well as reviewing and analysing to implementation of planning has resulted from the the current structural plans under examination by the lack of interest by the Israeli government in completing Israeli planning authorities. Developments in the the land registration program, which began under city suggest that the policies aim at gaining control Jordanian control. of East Jerusalem and the West Bank since their occupation in 1967, along with the Judaisation of Jerusalem and the policies of cultural assimilation. One recommendation the Municipality of Jerusalem's urban planners, as well as urban planning firms, have adopted is the maintaining of the demographic balance at 70:30 ratios between Palestinians and Israelis; that is, not allowing the number of Israeli Jews to drop below 70%. Israeli policies are dedicated to maintaining this goal (Jerusalem Municipality, 2004). 3 Since 2007, IPCC has been monitoring Israeli urban This report will also analyse the initial structural municipal policies in East Jerusalem that negatively plans under consideration in Jerusalem (Local affects the lives of Palestinian Arabs living in East master Plan, Jerusalem 2000 (target year 2020) and Jerusalem. Furthermore, IPCC holds meetings with will illustrate how the plans attempt to achieve the Israeli municipal officials and Israeli policymakers desired "demographic balance". Further using to submit outline plans and other necessary planning tools to expand illegal Israeli settlement documents on behalf of Palestinian residents in East policies in the region, the Israeli authorities are Jerusalem. By engaging with Israeli planning involved in demographic engineering by: authorities on behalf of Palestinians, IPCC pressures Limiting the potential for developing Palestinian Israeli authorities to develop Palestinian neighbourhoods in East Jerusalem, separating these neighbourhoods, such as paving roads and neighbourhoods from each other, and the inability of establishing public facilities in those Palestinians to geographically connect these neighbourhoods. Whenever a need presents itself, neighbourhoods to each other. Thus, this is how IPCC, on behalf of Palestinian residents, will Israeli planning authorities have refrained from approach the appropriate authorities demanding creating outline plans for Palestinian implementation of specific plans, as well as standing neighbourhoods, have repeatedly stalled