Advances in Intervertebral Disc Disease in Dogs and Cats Advances in Intervertebral Disc Disease in Dogs and Cats Edited by James M. Fingeroth Orchard Park Veterinary Medical Center, USA William B. Thomas College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, USA This edition first published 2015 © ACVS Foundation. Editorial Offices 1606 Golden Aspen Drive, Suites 103 and 104, Ames, Iowa 50014-8300, USA The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK 9600 Garsington Road, Oxford, OX4 2DQ, UK This Work is a co-publication between the American College of Veterinary Surgeons Foundation and Wiley-Blackwell. For details of our global editorial offices, for customer services and for information about how to apply for permission to reuse the copyright material in this book please see our website at www.wiley.com/wiley-blackwell. 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No warranty may be created or extended by any promotional statements for this work. Neither the publisher nor the author shall be liable for any damages arising herefrom. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Advances in intervertebral disc disease in dogs and cats / edited by James M. Fingeroth, William B. Thomas. p. ; cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-470-95959-6 (cloth) 1. Intervertebral disk–Diseases. 2. Dogs–Diseases. 3. Cats–Diseases. 4. Musculoskeletal system–Diseases. I. Fingeroth, James M., editor. II. Thomas, William B., 1959– , editor. [DNLM: 1. Intervertebral Disc Degeneration–veterinary. 2. Cat Diseases–physiopathology. 3. Dog Diseases– physiopathology. 4. Intervertebral Disc–physiology. 5. Intervertebral Disc Displacement–veterinary. SF 992.M86] SF992.M86A37 2015 636.7′0896–dc23 2014029624 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books. Set in 9.5/11.5pt Palatino by SPi Publisher Services, Pondicherry, India 1 2015 Contents Contributors viii Section II Disc Disease: Foreword Degenerative and other Pathology 23 Rick LeCouteur xi 4 Historical and Current Nomenclature Foreword Associated with Intervertebral Disc Mark D. Markel, American College of Pathology 25 Veterinary Surgeons Foundation xiv Jonathan M. Levine and James M. Fingeroth Preface xv 5 What Do We Know about the Incidence of Acknowledgments xvii Disc Disease in Chondrodystrophoid Dogs? 32 Section I Intervertebral Disc William B. Thomas, James M. Fingeroth, Structure and Function 1 and Ragnvi Hagman 1 Embryology, Innervation, Morphology, 6 Feline Intervertebral Disc Disease 36 Structure, and Function of the Michael Farrell and Noel Fitzpatrick Canine Intervertebral Disc 3 John F. Innes and James Melrose 7 Is “Wobbler” Disease Related 2 Biomechanics of the Intervertebral Disc to Disc Disease? 50 and Why Do Discs Displace? 8 Noel Fitzpatrick and James M. Fingeroth Lucas A. Smolders and Franck Forterre 8 Spondylosis Deformans 67 3 Comparisons between Biped (Human) William B. Thomas and James M. Fingeroth and Quadruped (Canine/Feline) Intervertebral Disc Disease 14 9 What is Fibrocartilaginous Embolism and Niklas Bergknut, Franck Forterre, Jonathan M. Is It Related to IVDD? 75 Levine, Steven D. Lasser, and James M. Fingeroth Luisa De Risio vi Contents Section III Clinical Features of 20 Discospondylitis and Related Spinal Intervertebral Disc Disease and Infections in the Dog and Cat 161 Important Differentials 89 Sharon Kerwin 21 Neoplasias Mimicking Intervertebral 10 History, Neurologic Examination, and Disc Herniation 168 Neuroanatomic Localization for Spinal Gwendolyn J. Levine Cord and Nerve Root Disease 91 William B. Thomas and Luisa De Risio 22 Client Communications When Confronted with a Patient with Suspected 11 Deep Pain: How Should We Test and Intervertebral Disc Herniation 174 Interpret Nociception? 107 James M. Fingeroth and William B. Thomas James M. Fingeroth, William B. Thomas, and Luisa De Risio Section IV Nonsurgical and 12 Ascending/Descending Myelomalacia Adjunctive Medical Management Secondary to Intervertebral Disc of IVDD 179 Herniation 115 James M. Fingeroth and Alexander de Lahunta 23 Steroid Use in Intervertebral Disc Disease 181 Joseph M. Mankin and Franck Forterre 13 Traumatic Disc Extrusions 121 Luisa De Risio, William B. Thomas, and 24 Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs, James M. Fingeroth Muscle Relaxants, Opioids, and Other Treatments for Primary and Adjunctive 14 “Discogenic” Pain (Signs Associated Medical Management of Intervertebral With Disc Degeneration But Without Disc Herniation 186 Herniation): Does It Occur? 127 James M. Fingeroth, Franck Forterre, Núria James M. Fingeroth and James Melrose Vizcaíno Revés, and William B. Thomas 15 Compressive and Contusive 25 Neuroprotective Treatments Spinal Cord Injury Secondary to for Acute Spinal Cord Injury Associated Intervertebral Disc Displacement: with Intervertebral Disc Herniation 194 A Clinical Perspective 131 Jonathan M. Levine James M. Fingeroth, Franck Forterre, and Jonathan M. Levine 26 The Use of Discography and Nucleolysis in Dogs 199 16 Advances in Imaging for Intervertebral James F. (Jeff) Biggart Disc Disease 135 Patrick R. Gavin and Jonathan M. Levine 27 Medical Management and Nursing Care for the Paralyzed Patient 208 17 The Role of Nonimaging-Based Diagnostic James M. Fingeroth and William B. Studies for Intervertebral Disc Herniation 147 Thomas Gwendolyn J. Levine 18 Recurrent Intervertebral Disc Herniation 151 Section V Surgical Management of Brigitte A. Brisson Intervertebral Disc Herniation 215 19 When Should Dogs Be Referred for 28 What Constitutes Spinal Cord Imaging and Surgery? 156 Decompression? 217 James M. Fingeroth and William B. Thomas James M. Fingeroth Contents vii 29 General Principles of Spinal Surgery for 36 Pros and Cons of Prophylactic Intervertebral Disc Herniation 221 Fenestration: The Potential James M. Fingeroth and Brigitte A. Brisson Arguments Against 264 Franck Forterre and James M. Fingeroth 30 Cervical Disc Disease: Ventral Slot versus Hemilaminectomy versus Dorsal 37 Use of Lasers in Veterinary Surgery Laminectomy 226 and Percutaneous Laser Disc Ablation 268 Amy E. Fauber Kenneth Bartels 31 Thoracolumbar Disc Disease: Dorsal 38 Physical Rehabilitation Approaches versus Lateral versus for the Paralyzed Patient 279 Ventral Approaches. What to Do Rick Wall If I’m on the Wrong Side or Site (Level)? 232 Franck Forterre, Núria Vizcaíno Revés, and Luisa De Risio Section VI Future Directions 287 32 Lumbosacral Disc Disease: Is Vertebral 39 Minimally Invasive Techniques for Spinal Stabilization Indicated? 237 Cord and Nerve Root Decompression 289 Michael Farrell and Noel Fitzpatrick Michael J. Higginbotham, Otto I. Lanz, and Claude Carozzo 33 The Rationale for Durotomy in Surgical Treatment of Intervertebral 40 Will There be a Role for Disc Prostheses Disc Disease 251 in Small Animals? 294 Franck Forterre, Núria Vizcaíno Revés, Filippo Adamo and Franck Forterre and Natasha Olby 34 What Should Cover the Bone Defect Index 310 after Laminectomy/Hemilaminectomy? 255 William B. Thomas and James M. Fingeroth 35 Pros and Cons of Prophylactic Fenestration: Arguments in Favor 259 Brigitte A. Brisson Contributors