LITURGY OF THE HOURS AND ISLAMIC SALAT A Comparative study of Public-Liturgical Worship of Christians and Muslims Dissertation presented in fulfilment of the requirements for the Doctorate Degree in the Faculty of Catholic Theology at the Otto-Friedrich-University Bamberg Alfred C. Anazodo 2001 II TABLE OF CONTENTS Abbreviations, Sources and Bibliography....................................................................VIII 1. General abbreviations, Periodicals, Magazines, Lexica and collections..............VIII 2. Sources......................................................................................................................X 3. Bibliography .........................................................................................................XIII PREFACE.........................................................................................................................1 CHAPTER ONE............................................................................................................... 4 1. Introduction .................................................................................................................. 4 1.1 General remarks on worship................................................................................... 4 1.1.1 Ritual in worship ............................................................................................. 7 1.1.2 Ritual-Symbolic Action .................................................................................... 7 1.2 Remarks on Christian worship ............................................................................... 9 1.2.1 Nature and meaning......................................................................................... 9 1.2.2 Pattern and forms of liturgy........................................................................... 12 1.3 Remarks on Islamic Worship ............................................................................... 13 1.3.1 Nature and meaning....................................................................................... 13 1.3.2 Pattern and forms of worship ........................................................................ 15 1.3.3 Structure of the Muslim Salat........................................................................ 16 1.4 Theme, method and division of the work............................................................. 18 1.4.1 Theme and method ........................................................................................ 18 1.4.2 Division of the work...................................................................................... 18 CHAPTER TWO................................................................................................................. 20 2. The “Liturgy of the Hours” in the Roman-Catholic Rite ........................................... 20 2.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................... 20 2.2 Terminology and meaning of “Liturgy of the Hours”.......................................... 20 2.2.1 The terms “Breviary” and “Divine office”.................................................... 20 2.2.2 The meaning of “Liturgy of the Hours” ........................................................ 21 2.3 Sources and bibliography to the Liturgy of the Hours ......................................... 25 2.3.1 Sources .......................................................................................................... 25 2.3.2 Bibliography.................................................................................................. 26 III 2.3.3 Method and structure of the chapter.............................................................. 28 2.4 The background of the “Liturgy of the Hours” .................................................... 29 2.4.1 Ritual prayers as an element of religion in general ....................................... 29 2.4.2 Jewish worship as background of Christian Liturgy ..................................... 31 2.4.3 Worship in the New Testament ..................................................................... 34 2.5 The formation of the “Liturgy of the Hours”: The early Church to the Roman Breviary of Trent ........................................................................................................ 37 2.5.1 The first centuries.......................................................................................... 37 2.5.1.1 First witnesses of public daily prayers ................................................... 37 2.5.1.2 Clement of Alexandria, Origen, Tertullian and Cyprian........................ 38 2.5.1.3 The “Apostolic Tradition” of Hippolytus............................................... 40 2.5.1.4 Conclusion.............................................................................................. 40 2.5.2 The formation of the Western “Liturgy of the Hours”.................................. 41 2.5.2.1 The Cathedral Office .............................................................................. 41 2.5.2.2 The Monastic Office and its influence over the Cathedral..................... 45 2.5.2.3 Conclusion.............................................................................................. 46 2.6 The Roman Office up to the 20th Century ........................................................... 47 2.6.1 The Middle Ages ........................................................................................... 47 2.6.2 The “Breviarium Romanum” of 1568 ........................................................... 48 2.6.3 The Liturgy of the Hours in the 20th century before the Vatican Council II (1962-1965) ............................................................................................................ 49 2.7 The Reform of the Roman Liturgy of the Hours by the Vatican Council II (1962- 1965)........................................................................................................................... 50 2.7.1 The directives of the Vatican Council II ....................................................... 50 2.7.2 The Theological principles of the “Liturgy of the Hours” ............................ 51 2.7.3 The “Liturgy of the Hours” as praise of only God ........................................ 51 2.7.4 Christological meaning.................................................................................. 51 2.7.5 The common prayer as work of the Holy Ghost ........................................... 52 2.7.6 Ecclesiological meaning................................................................................ 53 2.8 The principles of the reform and their implementation........................................ 55 2.8.1 “Veritas Horarum” and the reorganisation of the hours................................ 55 2.8.2 Community character of prayer..................................................................... 56 2.8.3 Vernacular language of the celebration......................................................... 57 2.9 The new Latin prayer book “Liturgia Horarum” of 1971 and the vernacular editions........................................................................................................................ 57 2.9.1 General aspects.............................................................................................. 58 2.9.2 The pattern of the reformed “Liturgy of the Hours” ..................................... 58 2.9.3 The various liturgical hours........................................................................... 61 2.9.3.1 The Evening Office or Vespers .............................................................. 61 2.9.3.2 Night Prayer or Compline ...................................................................... 62 2.9.3.3 Morning Praise or Lauds ........................................................................ 62 2.9.3.4 Terce, Sext and None.............................................................................. 63 2.9.3.5 Office of Readings ................................................................................. 63 IV 2.9.4 “Liturgy of the Hours” and Liturgical year ................................................... 65 2.9.4.1 The Proper of Time (“Proprium temporis”) ........................................... 65 2.9.4.2 The Ordinary time of the year ................................................................ 65 2.9.4.2 The Ordinary time of the year ................................................................ 67 2.9.4.3 The Proper of Saints (“Proprium des sanctis”) or Feasts of the Saints .. 68 2.10 Participation of the faithful in the “Liturgy of the Hours” ................................. 69 2.11 “Liturgy of the Hours” and Christian Piety........................................................ 70 2.12 The actual practices of “Liturgy of the Hours” .................................................. 71 2.12.1 The common celebration of the Hours ........................................................ 71 2.12.2 Private celebration....................................................................................... 73 2.13 Conclusions ........................................................................................................ 74 2.13.1 “Liturgy of the Hour” as important part of the life of the Church .............. 74 2.13.2 Precious traditional inheritance and commission........................................ 75 2.13.3 The renewal of spirituality of laypersons and priests.................................