Profile on Environmental and Social Considerations in Kenya Profile on Environmental and Social Considerations in Kenya September 2011 September 2011 Japan International Cooperation Agency Japan lnternational Cooperation Agency (JICA) CRE CR(5) 11-010 Table of Contents List of Tables and Figures List of Acronyms and Abbreviations Chapter1 General Condition of the Republic of Kenya ............................................................. 1 1.1 General characteristics ................................................................................................... 1 1.1.1 Location and topography ........................................................................................ 2 1.1.2 Climate ................................................................................................................... 6 1.1.3 Water resources ...................................................................................................... 6 1.1.4 Policy, legal, and administrative framework ........................................................ 10 1.2 Laws and regulations on environmental protection and social considerations ............ 16 1.2.1 Laws and regulations on environmental protection .............................................. 16 1.2.2 Laws and regulations on social considerations .................................................... 18 1.3 Administrative framework related to the environmental and social considerations .... 21 1.3.1 Administrative framework for environmental protection ..................................... 21 1.3.2 Administrative framework for land control .......................................................... 28 1.4 International Treaty, Convention, and Agreement on environmental and social issues28 1.4.1 International and Regional Treaties, Conventions, and Agreement ..................... 28 1.4.2 East African Community Treaty ........................................................................... 31 1.5 Activities of NGOs and CBOs ..................................................................................... 31 1.6 Assistance policy for Kenya by various donors ........................................................... 32 1.7 Achievements of MDGs............................................................................................... 35 Chapter2 Natural Environment .................................................................................................. 1 2.1 General characteristics ................................................................................................... 1 2.2 Policy and laws and regulations on natural environment protection and conservation . 1 2.2.1 Kenya Vision 2030 ................................................................................................. 1 2.2.2 The Forests Act, 2005 ............................................................................................. 2 2.2.3 The Wildlife (Conservation and Management) Act (Cap. 376) Revised Edition 2009 6 2.2.4 The Environmental Management and Co-Ordination (Wetlands, River Banks, Lake Shores and Sea Shore Management) Regulations, 2009 .............................................. 8 2.3 Wildlife species ............................................................................................................ 10 2.3.1 Endemic species ................................................................................................... 10 2.3.2 Endangered species .............................................................................................. 11 2.3.3 Species subject to international treaty/convention/agreement .............................. 15 2.4 Important and critical ecosystem/habitat ..................................................................... 17 2.4.1 National Parks, National Reserves, and Sanctuaries ............................................ 17 2.4.2 Coral reefs ............................................................................................................ 21 2.4.3 Mangrove wetlands .............................................................................................. 21 i 2.4.4 Areas subject to international treaty/convention/agreement ................................ 21 2.4.5 Other important ecosystems and habitats ............................................................. 24 2.5 Forests .......................................................................................................................... 28 Chapter3 Pollution Control ........................................................................................................ 1 3.1 General condition ........................................................................................................... 1 3.2 Air pollution ................................................................................................................... 1 3.2.1 Current situation of air pollution ............................................................................ 1 3.2.2 Regulations on control of air pollution ................................................................... 1 3.2.3 Measures taken to prevent air pollution ................................................................. 4 3.3 Water pollution ............................................................................................................... 4 3.3.1 Current situation of water pollution ....................................................................... 4 3.3.2 Regulations and Rules on control of water pollution ............................................. 5 3.3.3 Measures taken to control water pollution ............................................................. 8 3.4 Noise .............................................................................................................................. 8 3.4.1 Current situation of noise ....................................................................................... 8 3.4.2 Regulations on noise control .................................................................................. 8 3.5 Wastes .......................................................................................................................... 10 3.5.1 Current situation of waste management ............................................................... 10 3.5.2 Regulations on waste management ...................................................................... 11 3.6 Current situation of soil contamination ........................................................................ 11 3.7 Other Regulations for pollution control under EMCA 1999 ........................................ 11 Chapter4 Social Environment .................................................................................................... 1 4.1 General condition ........................................................................................................... 1 4.1.1 General characteristics ........................................................................................... 1 4.1.2 Religion .................................................................................................................. 1 4.1.3 Culture .................................................................................................................... 1 4.2 Major social issues ......................................................................................................... 2 4.2.1 Poverty ................................................................................................................... 2 4.2.2 Gender .................................................................................................................... 2 4.2.3 Vulnerable social groups ........................................................................................ 2 4.2.4 Labour .................................................................................................................... 3 4.2.5 Other social issues .................................................................................................. 3 4.3 Cultural heritage ............................................................................................................. 5 4.3.1 Major cultural heritage ........................................................................................... 5 4.3.2 Laws and administrative framework for cultural heritage conservation ................ 9 4.3.3 Internationally registered cultural heritage ........................................................... 12 Chapter5 Climate Change .......................................................................................................... 1 5.1 Policy on climate change ............................................................................................... 1 5.1.1 The National Climate Change Response Strategy (NCCRS) ................................. 1 5.1.2 Action plan for NCCRS ......................................................................................... 1 ii 5.2 Measures against climate change ................................................................................... 2 5.2.1 Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation in Developing Countries: REDD .................................................................................................................. 2 5.2.2 Mitigation ............................................................................................................... 3 5.2.3 Adaptation .............................................................................................................