MAKING LIVES MAKING LIVES EASIER FOR ANIMALS IN RESEARCH LABS E ASIER FOR Discussions by the Laboratory Animal Refinement & Enrichment Forum A NI M A L S IN R ESEARCH LABS EDITED BY VERA BAUMANS , CASEY COKE , JENNIFER GREEN , ERIK MOREAU , DAVID MORTON , EMILY PATTERSON -KANE , ANNIE REINHARDT VIKTOR REINHARDT AND PASCALLE VAN LOO , A nimal Welfare nimal Welfare I Animal Welfare nstitute Institute www.awionline.org Animal Welfare Institute Making Lives Easier for Animals in Research Labs Discussions by the Laboratory Animal Refinement & Enrichment Forum Edited by Vera Baumans, Casey Coke, Jennifer Green, Erik Moreau, David Morton, Emily Patterson-Kane, Annie Reinhardt, Viktor Reinhardt, Pascalle Van Loo PUBLISHED BY THE ANIMAL WELFARE INSTITUTE Table of Contents 1. INTRODUCT I ON AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ..................................................... 1-2 2. BAS I C ISSUES 2.1. How to Refer to an Animal—Using the Proper Pronoun ............... 3-4 2.2. Higher- Versus Lower-Order Species ............................................. 4-8 2.3. Human-Animal Relationship .......................................................... 8-19 2.3.1. Affection for Animals ........................................................... 8-11 2.3.2. Giving Animals Names ......................................................... 12-13 2.3.3. Touching Animals ................................................................. 13-17 2.3.3.1. Rodents ....................................................................... 13-14 2.3.3.2. Monkeys ..................................................................... 14-15 2.3.3.3. Cats ............................................................................. 15 2.3.3.4. Farm Animals ............................................................. 15-16 2.3.3.5. Cold-Blooded Animals ............................................... 16-17 2.3.4. Alleviating Fear of Humans .................................................. 17-19 ANIM A L W ELF A RE INSTITUTE 2.3.5. Summary and Conclusions ................................................... 19 P.O. Box 3650 2.4. Emotionality—Is it Unprofessional to Cry? ................................... 19-22 Washington, DC 20027 www.awionline.org 2.5. Humane—What Does This Term Mean? ........................................ 22-23 2.6. Euphemism—Do We Really “Sacrifice” Animals? ........................ 23-24 Copyright © 2007 by the Animal Welfare Institute 2.7. Self-Awareness—Do Animals Recognize Themselves? ................ 24-25 Printed in the United States of America 2.8. Pound Dogs—How to Work With Them in the Research Laboratory ............................................................. 25-27 ISBN 0-938414-97-6 2.9. Adoption of Animals After Research Completion .......................... 27-29 LCN 2007904228 2.9.1. Adoption by Private Homes .................................................. 27-28 Cover photo by Angel Vilchis 2.9.2. Adoption by Schools ............................................................. 28-29 Design by Ava Rinehart 2.9.3. Conclusions .......................................................................... 29 Copy editing by Cat Carroll and Cathy Liss 2.10. Individual Housing—Justifications .............................................. 29-30 2.11. Legal Space Requirement Stipulations ......................................... 30-32 Printed with Envirotech ink on recycled paper 2.12. Impaired Well-Being. Pain and Suffering ..................................... 32-35 certified by the Forest Stewardship Council ii LAREF DISCUSSIONS —MAKING LIVES EASIER FOR ANIMALS IN RESEARCH LABS TABLE OF CONTENTS III 2.12.1. Signs of Impaired Well-Being and Pain ............................. 32-33 4.14.2. Rats ..................................................................................... 76-77 2.12.2. Pain and Suffering .............................................................. 33-35 4.14.3. Hamsters ............................................................................. 77-78 2.12.3. Conclusions ........................................................................ 35-36 4.14.4. Guinea Pigs ......................................................................... 78 2.13. Stress and Distress ........................................................................ 36-37 4.14.5. Rabbits ................................................................................ 78-79 4.14.6. Conclusions ........................................................................ 79 3. MALADAPT I VE BE H AV I ORS 4.15. Bedding for Rodents ..................................................................... 79-80 3.1. Stereotypical Behavior .................................................................... 39-40 4.16. Beds for Dogs ............................................................................... 80 3.2. Hair Pulling-and-Eating and Alopecia (Hair Loss) ........................ 40-43 4.17. Vertical Space Enhancement ......................................................... 80-86 3.2.1. Primates ................................................................................ 40-42 4.17.1. Rodents ............................................................................... 80-81 3.2.2. Mice ...................................................................................... 42 4.17.2. Dogs .................................................................................... 81-82 3.2.3. Rabbits and Guinea Pigs ....................................................... 42-43 4.17.3. Primates .............................................................................. 82-85 3.2.4. Conclusions .......................................................................... 43 4.17.4. Conclusions ........................................................................ 86 3.3. Self-Injurious Biting ....................................................................... 43-45 4.18. Environmental Enrichment for Ferrets ......................................... 87 4.19. Environmental Enrichment for Guinea Pigs ................................. 87-89 4. ENV I RONMENTAL ENR I C H MENT 4.20. Environmental Enrichment for Rabbits ........................................ 89-90 4.1. Definition ........................................................................................ 47-49 4.21. Environmental Enrichment for Pigs ............................................. 90-92 4.2. Criteria of Effectiveness ................................................................. 49-51 4.22. Environmental Enrichment for Fish and Frogs ............................ 92-93 4.3. Feeding Enrichment ........................................................................ 51-60 4.3.1. Primates ................................................................................ 52-57 5. SOC I AL HOUS I NG 4.3.2. Mice and Rats ....................................................................... 57-58 5.1. Pair Formation and Pair-Housing of Monkeys ............................... 95-100 4.3.3. Guinea Pigs and Rabbits ....................................................... 58 5.1.1. Adult Cynos (Cynomulgus/Long-Tailed Macaques) ............ 95-96 4.3.4. Cats ....................................................................................... 58-59 5.1.2. Adult Rhesus (Rhesus Macaques/Monkeys) ........................ 96-98 4.3.5. Sheep .................................................................................... 59 5.1.3. Adult Baboons ...................................................................... 98 4.3.6. Objections by Investigators .................................................. 59 5.1.4. Adult Vervets (Vervet Monkeys) .......................................... 99 4.3.7. Conclusions .......................................................................... 60 5.1.5. Young Monkeys .................................................................... 98-99 4.4. Coconuts ......................................................................................... 60-61 5.1.6. Paired Monkeys Competing Over Food ............................... 99 4.5. Mirrors ............................................................................................ 61-63 5.1.7. Conclusions .......................................................................... 99-100 4.6. Music .............................................................................................. 64 5.2. Sex Difference in Partner Compatibility ........................................ 100-101 4.7. Windows ......................................................................................... 65-66 5.3. Making Use of the Stress Buffering Influence of a Companion ..... 101-104 4.8. Toys ................................................................................................. 67-68 5.3.1. Post-Operative Care .............................................................. 101-103 4.9. Paper-Based Items .......................................................................... 68-70 5.3.2. Chair-Restraint ...................................................................... 103 4.10. Wooden Objects ............................................................................ 70-71 5.3.3. Chronic Diarrhea .................................................................. 104 4.11. Running Wheels ............................................................................ 71-72 5.3.4. Conclusions .......................................................................... 104 4.12. Burrows ........................................................................................