Lighting Controls: Patterns for Design Patterns for Design Technical Report Lighting Controls Patterns for Design TR-107230 Final Report, December 1996 Prepared by R. A. Rundquist Associates 56 Ward Avenue Northampton. MA 01060 Authors R.A. Rundquist T.G. McDougall J. Benya Prepared for Empire State Electric Energy Research Corporation 1515 Broadway, 43rd Floor New York, New York 10036-5701 ESEERCO Project Managers E.M. McCaffrey E. Torrero Electric Power Research Institute 3412 Hillview Avenue Palo Alto, California 94304 EPRI Project Manager K.F. Johnson Commercial Business Unit Customer Systems Group DISCLAIMER OF WARRANTIES AND LIMITATION OF LIABILITIES THIS REPORT WAS PREPARED BY THE ORGANIZATION(S) NAMED BELOW AS AN ACCOUNT OF WORK SPONSORED OR COSPONSORED BY THE ELECTRIC POWER RESEARCH INSTITUTE, INC. (EPRI). NEITHER EPRI, ANY MEMBER OF EPRI, ANY COSPONSOR, THE ORGANIZATION(S) BELOW, NOR ANY PERSON ACTING ON BEHALF OF ANY OF THEM: (A) MAKES ANY WARRANTY OR REPRESENTATION WHATSOEVER, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, (I) WITH RESPECT TO THE USE OF ANY INFORMATION, APPARATUS, METHOD, PROCESS, OR SIMILAR ITEM DISCLOSED IN THIS REPORT, INCLUDING MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, OR (II) THAT SUCH USE DOES NOT INFRINGE ON OR INTERFERE WITH PRIVATELY OWNED RIGHTS, INCLUDING ANY PARTY'S INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY, OR (III) THAT THIS REPORT IS SUITABLE TO ANY PARTICULAR USER'S CIRCUMSTANCE; OR (B) ASSUMES RESPONSIBILITY FOR ANY DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY WHATSOEVER (INCLUDING ANY CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES, EVEN IF EPRI OR ANY EPRI REPRESENTATIVE HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES) RESULTING FROM YOUR SELECTION OR USE OF THIS REPORT OR ANY INFORMATION, APPARATUS, METHOD, PROCESS, OR SIMILAR ITEM DISCLOSED IN THIS REPORT. ORGANIZATION(S) THAT PREPARED THIS REPORT R. A. RUNDQUIST ASSOCIATES ORDERING INFORMATION Requests for copies of this report should be directed to the EPRI Distribution Center, 207 Coggins Drive, P.O. Box 23205, Pleasant Hill, CA 94523, (510) 934-4212. Electric Power Research Institute and EPRI are registered service marks of the Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. EPRI. POWERING PROGRESS is a service mark of the Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. Copyright © 1996 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved. REPORT SUMMARY This book is a practical guide for designing lighting controls in commercial buildings. It treats a variety of lighting controls including occupancy sensors, timers, time clocks, manual dimmers, photoelectric controls, and lighting control systems that combine controls and logic components. It presents design guidelines and templates that will help entry-level and experienced lighting designers and others select and lay out controls to save energy and energy costs and allow utilities to provide effective advice on using controls. Background Lighting accounts for about one-third of electricity use in commercial buildings. Although energy savings have been realized in recent years through the installation of more efficient light sources and luminaires, controlling the light is now one of the greatest opportunities for reducing energy costs. Dependable, cost-effective control devices are readily available. However, the lack of easy-to-use and objective design guidance has inhibited the application of advanced controls. Objectives x To facilitate the designing of lighting controls such as occupancy sensors, timers, and photosensors. x To create more dependable and user-friendly control installations. x To increase the use of lighting controls. x To reduce lighting energy use and increase convenience. Approach In work co-funded by EPRI and the Empire State Electric Energy Research Corporation (ESEERCO), the project team worked with manufacturers and designers to identify the best lighting control strategies in specific space types and the best design approaches for various control devices to implement those strategies. iii Results This book describes various lighting controls strategies, such as timing and daylighting, and the various devices that can be used to accomplish those strategies, such as time clocks and photosensors. Written in a simple and non-daunting style, the book provides step-by-step guidance on selecting the best controls to use based on occupancy patterns, lighting usage profiles, economics, and other key factors. Over a third of the book consists of design patterns, control layouts to realize the best lighting control strategies in such specific space types as classrooms, open offices, and warehouses. Well- documented case studies illustrate successful applications. EPRI Perspective As part of EPRI's on-going research effort, this book is intended to expedite the design and adoption of convenient energy-saving controls. Lighting designers are reluctant to apply advanced lighting controls due to unfamiliarity with the available devices and lack of time to learn about them. Designers must sift through a variety of often inconsistent literature, mostly from manufacturers, to deduce the best control strategy to use, device to apply, and layout to design. A guide presenting alternative controls in consistent terms and providing actual design patterns will be welcomed by designers and will also make utility representative better able to recognize good control opportunities and answer their customers' questions on the use and misuse of lighting controls. Other EPRI lighting technology transfer products include the following reports: Commercial Lighting Efficiency Resource Book (EPRI report CU-7427), the Lighting Fundamentals Handbook (EPRI report TR-101710), and Advanced Lighting Guidelines: 1993, revision 1 (EPRI report TR-101022, Revision 1). EPRI lighting-related software products include LightCAD (EPRI report CU-7360R) for lighting system layout and design, LightPAD (EPRI report TR-10194R) for lighting auditing, the Lighting Evaluation System (LES) (EPRI software SW-40516) for lighting monitoring, and the Lighting Diagnostic and Commissioning System (LDCS) (EPRI software SW-40541) for lighting monitoring and commissioning. TR-107230 Interest Categories Commercial building systems and analysis tools Commercial lighting Commercial energy management and controls, office automation Keywords Daylighting Controls systems Energy-efficiency Luminaires Lighting iv PREFACE The time has come for lighting controls. We’ve made lighting sources more efficient. T-8 lamps and electronic ballasts, high- intensity discharge (HID) lamps in larger spaces, and indirect lighting with lower illumination levels have all become commonplace. Now we have to control the light. Turn it off when it’s not needed. Dim it to what’s required either to augment daylight or in response to personal needs or tastes. Give people control over their environment to make them happier and more productive. They don’t have to freeze in the dark. They can freeze in wisely-lighted spaces. (There are sensors for refrigerated rooms on the market.....) Highly dependable occupancy sensors, light sensors, timers, and other controls are available from many manufacturers. There are devices available that hook straight to ballasts, miniature “brains” that integrate the signals from sensors, manual dimmers, time clocks, central building computers, and devices that sense whether or not you’re at your seat in order to control your desk light, computer monitor, and whatever else you plug into it. You can even point a remote control at a ceiling device to dim your lights. This book and literature provided by manufacturers make designing controls simpler than ever before. So go forth and control lights. You have nothing to fear but fear itself. A penny saved is a penny earned. Nothing ventured nothing gained. A stitch— ACK! Do it now: “Life is what happens while you are making other plans.” –John Lennon Dilbert reprinted by permission of United Feature Syndicate, Inc. v vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We are grateful to Karl Johnson, Project manager for EPRI and originator of this book, and to the ESEERCO project team, Ed Torrero, Frank Porretto, Lou Accurso, Peter Jacobsen, and Eileen McCaffrey. The principal authors were Robert A. Rundquist, R. A. Rundquist Associates; Tom McDougall, The Weidt Group; and James R. Benya, Benya Lighting Design. Peter Nicoll, Hart, McMurphy & Parks, edited the book, and Glenn Ruga, Visual Communications, and Don McCarten, McCarten Graphic Design, were responsible for the layout and design. Also contributing were John Weidt of The Weidt Group and Jennifer Getzin of Visual Communications. We wish to thank the many utility and industry representatives and consultants who participated in the development and review of the book. In particular we would like to thank the following individuals and organizations: Stan Lynch, Don Munroe, and Jerry Mix, The WattStopper Jim Himonas, Novitas Brian Plattner, SensorSwitch Bart Bales, Bales Energy Associates Barbara Erwine, Lighting Design Lab Don Frey, Architectural Energy Corporation Shannon Hess, Pacific Science & Technology Russ Johnson and Fred Wajcs, Northeast Utilities Dorene Mannicia and Naomi Miller, Lighting Research Center Jeff Murley, UNENCO Francis Rubinstein, Department of Energy, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Thanks also to the following for help with Success Stories: Dennis Blaszak, Babinsky·Klein Engineering, P.C.; Stacy Diehl, Novitas, Inc.; Scott Gould, Stanford University; Craig Hayden, The WattStopper; John McNamara, Major Electric & Supply; Stacy Pink, Johnson Controls; Jim Renner, Lutron Electronics Co., Inc.; Chris