CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW, DATA GAP ANALYSIS AND SUPPLEMENTAL SAMPLING FINAL REPORT CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW, DATA GAP ANALYSIS AND SUPPLEMENTAL SAMPLING Table of Contents Page 2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW, DATA GAP ANALYSIS AND SUPPLEMENTAL SAMPLING .................................................................................................................... 2-1 2.1 Soil and Dust Data .................................................................................................. 2-1 2.1.1 Summary of Review ....................................................................................... 2-1 2.1.2 Data Gap Analysis ......................................................................................... 2-4 2.1.3 Supplemental Soil and Indoor Dust Sampling Program ................................. 2-4 2.1.4 Indoor Dust Sampling Program ...................................................................... 2-4 2.2 Air Data ................................................................................................................... 2-5 2.2.1 Summary of Review ....................................................................................... 2-5 2.2.2 Data Gap Analysis ......................................................................................... 2-7 2.2.3 Supplemental Air Sampling ............................................................................ 2-8 2.3 Home Garden Data ................................................................................................. 2-8 2.3.1 Summary of Review ....................................................................................... 2-8 2.3.2 Data Gap Analysis ....................................................................................... 2-10 2.4 Drinking Water Data .............................................................................................. 2-10 2.4.1 Summary of Review ..................................................................................... 2-10 2.4.2 Data Gap Analysis ....................................................................................... 2-11 2.4.3 Supplemental Drinking Water Sampling ....................................................... 2-11 2.5 Fish and Sediment Data ....................................................................................... 2-11 2.5.1 Summary of Review ..................................................................................... 2-11 2.5.2 Data Gap Analysis ....................................................................................... 2-16 2.5.3 Supplemental Fish and Sediment Data ........................................................ 2-16 2.6 Surface Water Data .............................................................................................. 2-16 2.6.1 Summary of Review ..................................................................................... 2-16 2.6.2 Data Gap Analysis ....................................................................................... 2-17 2.6.3 Supplemental Surface Water Data ............................................................... 2-17 2.7 Blueberry Data ...................................................................................................... 2-18 2.7.1 Summary of Review ..................................................................................... 2-18 2.7.2 Data Gap Analysis ....................................................................................... 2-19 2.7.3 Supplemental Berry Collection ..................................................................... 2-20 2.8 Snow Data ............................................................................................................ 2-20 2.9 Bioavailability/Bioaccessibility ............................................................................... 2-20 2.9.1 Overview of Bioaccessibility ......................................................................... 2-20 2.9.2 Approach for Bioaccessibility Testing in this Study ...................................... 2-27 2.9.3 Recommended Relative Absorption Factors ................................................ 2-33 2.10 Flin Flon and Creighton Food Survey Summary .................................................... 2-33 2.10.1 Fish ............................................................................................................. 2-33 2.10.2 Wild Game ................................................................................................... 2-39 2.10.3 Wild Berries ................................................................................................. 2-41 2.10.4 Wild Mushrooms .......................................................................................... 2-42 2.11 References ........................................................................................................... 2-44 HHRA-Chapter 2: Literature Review, Data Gap Analysis and Supplemental Sampling June, 2010 Human Health Risk Assessment of Flin Flon, Manitoba, and Creighton, Saskatchewan FINAL REPORT CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW, DATA GAP ANALYSIS AND SUPPLEMENTAL SAMPLING List of Tables Page Table 2-1 Comparison of Maximum Soil Concentrations Measured During Four Separate Manitoba Conservation Studies (µg/g) ...................................... 2-3 Table 2-2 Annual Average Metal Concentrations Associated with PM10 in Ambient Air (µg/m3) .......................................................................................... 2-6 Table 2-3 Annual Average Metal Concentrations Associated with TSP in Ambient Air (µg/m3) .......................................................................................... 2-7 Table 2-4 Concentrations of Metals in Treated Drinking Water for Flin Flon From 2002 to 2006 (µg/L Total Metals) .......................................................... 2-10 Table 2-5 Concentrations of Metals Measured in the Creighton Distribution System in 2005 and 2006 (µg/L Total)............................................................ 2-11 Table 2-6 Summary of Mean Concentrations of Metals within the Top 2 cm of Sediments (µg/g dw) ...................................................................................... 2-12 Table 2-7 Mean Concentrations of Metals in the Muscle Tissue of Northern Pike and White Sucker (µg/g ww) ................................................................... 2-14 Table 2-8 Maximum Concentrations of Metals in Sediment of Ross and Schist Lake (µg/g) ..................................................................................................... 2-13 Table 2-9 Concentrations of Metals in the Tissues of Fish from Schist Lake Sampled in August, 1994 (µg/g) ..................................................................... 2-13 Table 2-10 Concentrations of Metals in the Tissues of Fish from Schist Lake Sampled in October, 1994 (µg/g) ................................................................... 2-14 Table 2-11 Maximum Surface Water Concentrations Measured in Areas Affected by HBMS Discharge and Selected Reference Areas (µg/L) .............. 2-15 Table 2-12 Concentrations of Total Metals in Surface Water of Douglas Lake in August, 1993 .................................................................................................. 2-17 Table 2-13 Maximum Concentrations of Lead and Mercury in Washed Blueberries Sampled from 13 Locations in the Flin Flon Area (µg/g dw) (Manitoba Conservation, 2000) ...................................................... 2-19 Table 2-14 Concentrations (µg/g dw) of Various Elements in Blueberries in Flin Flon at Select Distances from the HBMS Complex (Shaw, 1981) ............ 2-19 Table 2-15 Collection of In Vitro Bioaccessility Values From Primary Literature for Key COC ........................................................................................................ 2-23 Table 2-16 Summary of Part 1 Bioaccessibility Testing .................................................... 2-28 Table 2-17 Summary of Soil Locations for Bioaccessibility Testing .................................. 2-30 Table 2-18 Summary of Part 2 Bioaccessibility Results (%) ............................................. 2-30 Table 2-19 Summary of Recommended Relative Absorption Factors (RAF) for soil ......... 2-33 HHRA-Chapter 2: Literature Review, Data Gap Analysis and Supplemental Sampling June, 2010 Human Health Risk Assessment of Flin Flon, Manitoba, and Creighton, Saskatchewan FINAL REPORT HUMAN HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT OF FLIN FLON, MANITOBA, AND CREIGHTON, SASKATCHEWAN CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW, DATA GAP ANALYSIS AND SUPPLEMENTAL SAMPLING List of Figures Page Figure 2-1 Phase 1 (Gastric) versus Phase 2 (Gastric + Intestinal) Bioaccessibility (%) of COC .................................................................................................... 2-31 Figure 2-2 Percentage of Survey Respondents Reporting Catching and Consuming Various Species of Local Fish (Survey Entries for Fish = 1,065) .................... 2-35 Figure 2-3 Percentage of Respondents that Reported Catching Fish in Each of the Designated Areas Surrounding Flin Flon (Survey Entries for Fish = 1,065) .... 2-35 Figure 2-4 Percentage of Respondents that Reported Catching Fish From Lakes Identified within Area 2 (n=44) ........................................................................ 2-36 Figure 2-5 Percentage of Respondents that Reported Catching Fish From Lakes Identified within Area 3 ..................................................................................