Spring/Summer 2000 Celebrating the 25th Anniversary of TCP/IP Volume 10 No. 1 Welcoming the New Millennium no personal computers at this time. The earliest kit version for a personal computer, the Mark 8, would not With this issue of the Amateur Computerist, we be announced in the magazine Radio Electronics until want to welcome the new millennium. Such an event over a year later, in September 1974. Already by the happens rarely and when it does, it gives one reason to summer of 1973, there were a number of time sharing pause and consider its significance and the promise it systems and much interest in creating computer net- represents. works in countries around the world. The research The arrival of a new millennium happens at a documenting the development of the ARPAnet had been propitious time in the plans of the Amateur Computerist. broadly disseminated. It led to widespread interest in The current issue was delayed several months, and now setting up such computer networks for diverse uses such it turns out to be an appropriate way to welcome in a as research purposes, commercial purposes as for banks new era. and airlines, for educational purposes and for other uses. This issue was to be a 25th anniversary issue for Already the National Physics Laboratory (NPL) in the celebrating the publication in May 1974 of the paper United Kingdom was developing a packet switching describing the philosophy and design of the protocol for network, as was Louis Pouzin in France, who was an internetting of diverse networks. We are a little late. creating Cyclades. And there were commercial networks The paper "A Protocol for Packet Network Intercommu- beginning like TYMNET, and soon TELENET in the nication" by Robert Kahn and Vinton Cerf appeared in U.S. Also there were plans for creating a European the IEEE Transactions on Communications. This paper Informatics Network (EIN). How would people or marks a significant change both in the development of computers on any of the growing number of packet packet switching networks as they were developed up to switching networks be able to communicate with those its publication and in the notion of what would make on other networks? Recognizing the need to be able to possible a global, ubiquitous computer communications interconnect these diverse networks, Robert E. Kahn, infrastructure for the future. who was the system designer of the ARPAnet and had There was a challenge facing society at the time the worked at Bolt Beranek and Newman on the early paper was written in summer of 1973. There were development of the ARPAnet wrote: Table of Contents “If separate data networks are jointly planned before development, at least at the interconnection level, they may be connected at a later date and viewed to- Welcoming the Millennium .............. Page 1 gether as a single network that evolved by way of Who Can Watch the Watchdog? ........... Page 2 separate networks.” Internet Pioneers Panel .................. Page 4 “Resource-Sharing Computer Communications Net- Citizens' Agenda 2000 Forum ............. Page 7 works” in Proceedings of the IEEE, vol 60, no. 11, Cleveland Freenet Closed ................ Page 9 November 1972, pg. 1407. From the Internet ...................... Page 10 The problem to be solved was more difficult than Oral History of the Internet .............. Page 12 apparent. How would it be possible for diverse networks 30 Years of RFCs ..................... Page 15 using different technologies, under different forms of Principles of the Internet ................ Page 24 ownership and under different administrations, to inter- ARPAnet Mailing Lists ................. Page 28 connect? To do so, it would be necessary to recognize Page 1 and provide for this diversity. It would also be necessary Spring 1973, Kahn described ideas about the new to identify the generality of what the networks had in protocol to Cerf and they worked together on the details common, and how they might differ, and to be able to for the design of the protocol during the summer of accommodate these differences. 1973. They presented their draft paper describing the That is the task that Kahn found himself exploring new protocol at the same time as a NATO sponsored in early 1973. Considering the general problem, he also meeting of international networking researchers at the had the advantage of having a particular problem to University of Sussex in Brighton, UK in September, solve that was related to the general problem. He had 1973. The final paper appeared in the journal IEEE come to work at ARPA/IPTO in November 1972 after Transactions on Communications in the May 1974 arranging a successful demonstration of the ARPAnet issue. for over 1000 people attending the International Confer- The Open Architecture Network Environment ence on Computer Communications in Washington DC welcomes diversity and makes communication possible the previous month. At ARPA/IPTO he found there was among different networks. The goal of making resource a desire to have research in the area of developing a sharing possible not only in a network, but among ground packet radio (PRNET) and a packet satellite diverse networks a goal at the foundation of the Internet. (SATNET) network. While there had been research The Internet heralds in a new era and appropriately about a single node packet radio network called symbolizes the promise of the new millennium. AlohaNet, there was not the kind of ground packet radio This issue of the Amateur Computerist includes an networking developed that Kahn decided to create. excerpt from testimony given by Robert Kahn to a U.S. Money had already been appropriated, Kahn explains Congressional subcommittee describing the early describing the situation at IPTO in early 1973. With the development of the Internet. It also contains RFC 2555 general problem in mind of how to link up diverse about the early development of RFCs. RFC 2555 was packet switching networks, Kahn had the particular issued to celebrate the 30th anniversary of the RFCs and problem of connecting PRNET to the ARPAnet. Also he as a tribute to the work of Jon Postel who died in Fall, had in mind connecting SATNET to PRNET and to the 1998. The RFC includes comments by Joyce Reynolds, ARPAnet. In considering the particular problem in a Steve Crocker, Vint Cerf, Jake Feinler. Also, in the general way, Kahn identified a conceptual framework issue is the article "Some Principles of the Internet" for an architecture to solve the problem. describing in more detail the early technical issues of the He calls this conceptual framework the Open Internet. There is a report on the Internet pioneers panel Architecture Network Environment. Briefly, Kahn held at the ACM SIGCOMM99 in August 1999. Also, recognized that diverse packet switching networks will there is a report on a conference in Finland held by the be created by different entities, and that their intercon- EU on how citizens can participate more in decision nection could not require any internal changes in the making by those in government. A proposal for an oral networks. Kahn’s concept was for a meta-level system history of the Internet follows. Along with a note about that would be independent of any networking technol- the closing of the Cleveland Freenet, the issue ends with ogy or operation. It would make it possible to have these the continued serialization of an article on the early networks interconnect and intercommunicate. mailing list on ARPAnet, the MsgGroup mailing list. Developing the ground packet radio network and packet satellite network in a general way so that they could be linked peer to peer, rather than becoming embedded in one big network like the ARPAnet, Kahn clarified the architectural principles that would make a Who Can Watch the Watchdog? global internet a reality. Realizing the need to embed the new protocol into The GAO Report on ICANN the operating system and part of the gateways of the is Issued component networks to make this internetworking by Ronda Hauben possible, Kahn recognized the need to understand how to interface the protocol to diverse operating systems. [email protected] Vinton Cerf, who had recently joined the faculty at Stanford, had been part of the Network Working Group On Friday, July 7, 2000 the U.S. General Account- (NWG) and had had experience with operating systems. ing Office (GAO-ICANN) posted their report(1) of their While a graduate student at UCLA, Cerf had helped investigation of ICANN(2) . Kahn to test the ARPAnet. Kahn invited Cerf to work The GAO-ICANN report was requested by Senator with him developing the design for the protocol. In Judd Gregg of the US Senate Committee Appropria- Page 2 tions in a House-Senate conference report in October, there is "government property" involved in the transfer 1999. The GAO was asked to review the relationship of the management of the DNS to ICANN. Instead the between the U.S. Department of Commerce (DOC) and GAO states that it is not the intentions of the Depart- the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and ment of Commerce to transfer government property to Numbers (ICANN) and report back about to the U.S. ICANN. Congress about the legality of the activities of ICANN There is a difference between wondering if there is and of the DOC's activities with ICANN. "government" property to be transferred from public The report is an interesting report, both in what it oversight, as opposed to whether there is a public does and what it doesn't do. interest requiring the protection of the domain name One of the essential issues the GAO raises is whether system, IP numbers and protocol standards process. the U.S. government has the authority to transfer Such a public interest is a general public interest, government property or functions to a private non profit involving the public in the US and around the world.