..~ILIT t ARY REVIElA lIZ . ~ J ~ ,~. - ~~'" >' :. -l}f .. 1l1li_, .. Military Review MISSIOtJ. The MILITARY REVIEW, official publication of the United States MANAGING EDITOR Army and the United States LT COL GEORGE B. MACAULAY. ARTY Army Command and General Staff SPECIAL SECTIONS EDITOR College, disseminates modern mili­ LT COL CLEO S. FREED. ARMOR tary thought and current Army doctrine concerning command and ASSISTANT EDITOR staff procedures of the division and LT COL BERTRAM B. DALES. JR., SIGC higher echelons and provides a SPANISH-AMERICAN EDITION forum for articles which stimulate military thinking. Authors, civilian Editor MAJ GILBERTO GONZALEZ-JULIA. INF and military alike, are encouraged to submit articles which will assist Assistant Editors in the fulfillment of this mission. MAJ TOMAS H. GUFFAIN. INF CAPT LUIS A. MONSERRATE, MPC CAPT ANTONIO BUDET. INF BRAZILIAN EDITION . Editor POLICY. LT COL ALBERTO DE A. CARDOSO, INF Unless otherwise indicated. the Assistant Editor MAJ MAURfclO FELIX DA SILVA, ARTY views expressed in the original ar­ ticles in this magazine are those ADMINISTRATIVE OFFICER of the individual authors and not 1ST LT RONALD M. HANSEN. SIGC those of the Department of the PRODUCTION OFFICER Army or the United States 'Army LT COL LOUIS RUIZ. CMLC Commimd and General Staff College. STAFF ARTIST Editor. CHARLES A. MOORE MILITARY REVIEW-Published monthly by U. S. Army Command and General Staff College. Fort leav­ enworth, Kansas. in English, Spanish. and Portuguese. Se(!ond-ciass postage paid at Fort Leavenworth. Kansas. Subscription rates: $3~50 (US currency) a year in the United States. United States military post offices. and those countries which are members of the Pan.. American :Postal Union (including Spain): J4.50 a year In all other countries. MILITARY REVIEW VOLUME XXXIX JANUARY 1960 NUMBER 10 CONTENTS The Long Road to Cnity of Command ~ Dr. Louis iUol ton Industrial Mobilization Planning-The Base of Victory 1~ UCI/tenallt ('ololld Lconard A. Crosi>y, Medic(ll S('ITicc Corps Aircraft Delivered Smoke-Past. Present, and Future 28 Uelltenant Colonel Aliia B. L(lthrop, Artillcry Operation Greif 37 ]I(lfor Burto/l F. Hood, Crneral Stall Umpire Control-Exercise ('0 rilmu ('rcek ·14 Colollel Willard Pl'(lrson, ild(llltrl! Objectives and J.\Iethods of Communist Guerrilla Warfare 50 Licutellant C%lld CcrllY£, B. Jordan, blfantry Russian :\Iilitary Reform: 1862-1874 60 Peter von Wah/de MILIT1RY NOTES AROUND THE WORLD 70 MILITARY DIGESTS 80 The Deve/opll/ellt of the Chincse Red ArlllY 82 The De!'elopment of Com III lilies ill Red Chilla 88 Bhutall, [(ham, alld the Cpper Assam Lille 92 Celltral Asia-Melting Pot of the World of Tomorrow 101 BOOKS OF INTEREST TO THE MILITARY READER . 107 MILITARY REVIEW ANNUAL AWARD The monthly first place award articles submitted by military writers and pub­ lished in the MILITARY REVIEW during the period November 1958 through October 1959 inclusive have been reviewed by a faculty committee of the U. S. Army Command and General Staff College. The following article was selected to receive the Annual Award of $350:­ Lebanon-Professionalism at Its Best, Colonel Lynn D. Smith, Gen'eral Staff Office, Assistant Chief of Staff for Reserve Components Department of the Army, Washington, D. C. June 1959 issue The other monthly award winners considered in the Annual Award competition were: Month Title and Author Nuveinbpr Partisan Warfare, Model 1861-65, Col Carl E. Grant; Chemical Corps, U. S. Army Logistics Management Center, Fort Lee, Virginia Dpccmbcr No award made for this month January' The "Eyes" Have It, Lt Col Mark H. Terrel, Infantry, Faculty, U. S. Army Command and General Staff College February The Gran Sasso Raid, Maj Burton F. Hood, Infantry, Office, Deputy Chief of Staff for Operations, Department of the Army, Washington, D. C. I\larch Keeping Pace With the Future-The Moral Basis for Instruction, Col Hughes L. Ash, Infantry, Faculty, U. S. Army Command and General Staff College April A New Concept for Military Organization, Col Seymour 1. Gilnian, Gen­ eral Stc.ff, Headquarters, U. S. Army Air Defense Command, Colorado Springs, Colorado May Rear Area Security and Rear Area Damage Control, Col Elmer G. Owens, Infantry, Faculty, U. S. Army Command and General Staff College July Coordination of Fire and Maneuver on the Nuclear Battlefield, Maj Robert M. Young, Artillery, 8th U. S. Army August The Corps Support Command, Lt Col Jerry F. Dunn, Artillery, Student, U. S. Army War College September Only the Best Go North, Maj Frank B. Case, Transportation Corps, Headquarters, U. S. Army, Alaska Unconventional Forces-The Commander's Untapped Resources, Lt Col Frank A. Gleason, Jr., Corps of Engineers, Faculty, U. S. Army Com­ mand and General Staff College X N '8T ~~oX ~8N -+S PU2Y ~ 3AV q+~ A~q11 o1TQna ~~oX ~aN UO~S1A1a uOT+TslnboV · ... 'o~~" THE LONG. ROAD TO UNITY OF COMMA,NDil '<- • ,~ ".:... n ..nAI-tm,ent of the Army This al"ticle i.~ !JaRed on "cscal"ch feeling and to evoke stubborn resistance. III/dcl" a gl'al1t bll the National Sccu­ The struggle to §ecure acceptance of "ill/ Policy Cmllmillcc of the Social the principle of unity of command in joint Scicllcr Rcsf'al"ch C01O!cil.-Edif01·. operations was long and bitter. Tradition and pride in service die hard, and there were many questions that had to be settled F EW today question the wisdom of before one service would accede to the unity of command. Elevated to a principle command of its forces by an officer of an­ of war, it hag been thoroughly abRorbed other service. How 10ng was the road to into the doctrine of the services and is unified command, how different the prob­ drilled into the minds of students at serv­ lems that had to be solved along. the way ice schools at all levels. can be seen in a study of the e'fforts to But there was a time not so long ago coordinate Army-Navy action in joint op­ ~vhen the idea of a single command over erations before World War II. And an joint forces was considered the exception understanding of this long struggle may ruther than the rule, when a proposal for make more comprehensi~le the doctrine unified command was sure to arouse strong and the disagreements of our own day. Half a century has been required to secure acceptance of the principle of unity of command in joint operations. So effective has it been and so well has it worked. that it now has become standard practice • 4 MILITARY REVIEW JANUARY 1960 Background they attributed the failure of the British The Spanish-American War revealed expedition against Cartagena in 1741 to many shortcomings in the organization, the unwillingness of the two commanders equipment, training, and doctrine of the to work together toward the common end, Nation's military forces, Not the least of and of the first expedition against Fort these were the problems involved in joint Fishel' in the Civil War to G,eneral But­ opE'rations for overseas expeditions, The ler's disregard of Admiral Porter's advice campaign in Cuba had emphasized the in the disembarkation of his troops, In necessity for development of the princi­ contrast to these failures, the planners ples and doctrine for such operations, and pointed to the long history of Bl-itish suc­ in 1905 the Army and Navy War Colleges cess, and to the American experience in took the first step toward meeting thi< the second attack on Fort Fishel', when need by preparing a set of "Rules for there had been the fullest cooperation be­ Naval Convoy of :\lilitary Expeditions," tween General Terry and Admiral Porter, In establishing the,e rules, or regula­ The war college planners found in Brit­ tions, the planners at the two war col­ ish regulations the dea rest general expo­ lE'ges drew freely upon the long British sition of the principle of cooperation as it experiencE' with "conjunct operations" and applied to coordination of land and sea on the shorter but significant record of forces in joint operations, These regu­ American joint ventures, They found in lations contained a specific injunction both cases that the guiding principle had against assumption of command by an of­ been "generous cooperation" between com­ ficer of the Army and Navy, no matter manders of the Army and Navy, based what his rank, of the forces of another upon a clear recognition of the special service except under special authority knowledg'c of E'ach in his own spherE'. "'Vhen from the Government, There was also a thb rulE' was violated and one sen'ic£' clear distinction in British regulations be­ placed above the other, the results, they tween rank and command, and although found, had invariablY' been unhappy, Thus all officers Wl're entitled to the preroga­ tiv('s of their rank with l'l'gard to 'luartp],s [Jr, Donis .1Iul'toll IS a historian in the Dlf!cc of the Chi!! of JII1,tary HlStOl'y, and 5imilar matter"" th£'y did not assume Deportmrnt of the Army, olld has 't'rittl'll command for that reason, Aboard ,hip, of­ 1cidf'iy in the field of military histol'Jj, fiCl'I'~ and troops altke, no matter what Ill' is the ailtl",r of The Fall of the Phil­ thpil' !'ank, were subject to the law~ and ippines (lHSJ), and the fortheoll""g Strategy and Command, both III thc l.!­ regulations of the Royal Navy and under 1'01111111' {'I/eifie Sf' ;"s of C'S Army in lVOI'ld the command of the ship's captain and the H'ar H, 11'Ilieh u'a8 'llI'Cpa)'cd IIlIdcl' his ",,,niol' naval officer present.