EAST ASIAN HISTORY: A KOREAN PERSPECTIVE Vol. 2. No. 11. 2005. 6. 18. 1 IC-11.S-2.5-0618 They, Including Minister Soga, Appeared Wearing Paekche Clothes THE SEMINAL ROLE OF THE PAEKCHE PEOPLE 1. Takamatsu-zuka IN THE FORMATION OF THE LATE TOMB CULTURE Tomb Painting, Nara 1 See Kim Ki-Woong (1986: 76, 88-9, 96-97, 99-101, 105-106, 112 Wontack Hong 120-1, 129). Professor, Seoul University 2 See Ōbayashi (1985: 13-14). KAYA (KARAK) VS. PAEKCHE According to Kim Ki-Woong (1986), the fact that the early 3 三國志 魏書 烏丸鮮卑東夷傳 tombs were located on hilltops and had vertical-pit-style 弁辰傳 . 男女近倭 亦文身 chambers suggests that they correspond to the third or fourth century Kaya (Karak) tombs, while the fact that the late tombs 4 梁書 列傳 東夷 百濟 . 其 were located on level plains and had horizontal stone chambers 國近倭 頗有文身者 suggests that they correspond to Paekche tombs. Furthermore, the ornaments found in the early tombs are similar to those 5 應神 . .昔日本ハ三韓ト同種 found in Kaya tombs, while the ornaments found in the late ナリト云事ノアリシカノ書ヲ桓 tombs are similar to those found in Paekche tombs. According to Kim, the oldest iron stirrups excavated in Korea are mostly 武ノ御代ニヤキステラレシナリ dated to the third and fourth centuries, while the oldest stirrups 六地藏寺本 北畠親房 神皇正統 discovered on the Japanese islands are mostly dated to the fifth 記 (Tokyo: Kyuko, p. 28) and sixth centuries.1 According to Oka Masao, the Altaic kin term kara 6 天照大神. .縛裳爲袴 (NI: 10 (having its cognates in the Tungus dialect xala implying kin 5) 古尓王. .王服紫大袖袍 靑 group) was introduced to the Japanese islands at the beginning 錦袴 金花飾烏羅冠 (S2: 29-30) of the Yayoi period, and then another term uji (implying “kin group” ul in Korean, and “descendants” uru in Tungus) was 7 應神 十四年 百濟王貢縫衣工 introduced with the Altaic royal culture in the fourth century. 2 THE KAYA V.S. THE PAEKCHE: TWO DISTINCT ACTORS Vol. 2. No. 11. 2005. 6. 18. Oka apparently postulates two different waves of people from 女. .是今來目衣縫之始祖也 the Korean peninsula. 2 (NI: 371) 衣縫猪手漢人刀良等祖 According to the Dongyi-zhuan of Wei-shu that was 將居此處 (F: 290) 又貢 上手人 compiled in the late third century, since the men and women of 韓鍛名卓素 亦吳服西素(K: 248) twelve Pyun-han states were very close to Wa (people), many of them had tattoos.3 On the other hand, according to the Liang- 8 北史 卷九十四 列傳 第八十二 shu that was compiled in the early seventh century, since the 倭國. .無城郭...其服飾 男子衣 Paekche State was close to the Yamato (State), there were many 裙襦 其袖微小 履如屨形 漆其 Paekche people who had tattoos.4 The fact that it was the 上 繫之脚. .婦人 束髮於後 Pyun-han (Kaya) people who had commenced the 600-year 亦衣裙襦 裳皆有襈… 故時 衣 Yayoi era on the Japanese islands, and that it was the Paekche 橫幅 結束相連而無縫 people who had established the Yamato kingdom and commenced the 300-year (Late) Tomb era, came to be recorded 9 三國志 魏書 東夷傳 倭. .其 in the Chinese chronicles with such a subtle differentiation of 衣橫幅 但結束相連 略無縫 婦 expression. 人被髮屈紒 作衣如單被 窄其中 Kitabatake Chikahusa (1293-1354) was a political and 央 貫頭衣之 ideological leader of the southern dynasty during the period of Ishiyama Akira (KEJ: 1.329) notes the so-called South-North dynasty of the Yamato kingdom that: “Engravings of human (1331-92). He wrote a historical chronicle in 1343, and in the figures appearing [to be of the] Oujin (Homuda) section, he stated that those chronicles Yayoi period [on] Dōtaku (bronze claiming that “the people of old Japan were the same as the bell-shaped ritual objects), Three Han people” were all burnt during the reign of Kanmu excavated in what is now Kagawa (781-806).5 Modern historians may well pay attention to the Prefecture, depict men wearing a fact that Kitabatake made such a statement specifically in the sort of poncho.” Oujin section, and then might well ask themselves why. 10 周書 卷四十九 列傳 第四十 DRASTIC CHANGES IN COSTUMES 一 異域上 百濟 …其衣服 男子 There occurred drastic changes in costumes by the 畧同於高麗…其冠兩廂加翅…婦 Late Tomb Period. A large proportion of the haniwa male 人衣似袍 而袖微大 在室者 編 figures are dressed in jackets and trousers, as depicted in 髮盤於首 後垂一道爲飾 出嫁者 Nihongi for Amatersu and in Samguk-sagi for King Koi.6 乃分爲兩道焉 Kojiki and Nihongi record the arrival of tailors from Paekche during the reign of Oujin. 7 Lee (1991: 741) observes that the 北史 卷九十四 列傳 第八十二 Chinese chronicles record differences between the clothing of 百濟. .其飮食衣服 與高麗略同.. the Korean peninsula and that of the Japanese islands for the 女辮髮垂後 已出嫁 則分爲兩道 early [Yayoi] period, but record similarity between them for the 盤於頭上 later [Kofun] period. 隋書 卷八十一 列傳 第四十六 The Bei-shi records that men and women in the [Late 東夷 百濟. .其衣服與高麗略同 Tomb Period] Japanese islands wore shirts and skirts; the …女辮髮垂後 已出嫁則分爲兩 sleeves of men’s shirts were short; and women’s skirts were 道 盤於頭上 DRASTIC CHANGES IN COSTUMES Vol. 2. No. 11. 2005. 6. 18. 3 pleated. At this point, the Bei-shi specifically mentions that “in older days” men wore a wide seamless cloth on the body.8 Indeed, the Dongyi-zhuan has recorded that the clothing of [Yayoi] Wa people is like an unlined coverlet and is worn by slipping the head through an opening in the center, and that their clothing is fastened around the body with very little sewing.9 The paintings in the Takamatsuzuka tomb show the women wearing long, lined jackets and pleated skirts. Kidder (1972) states that: “The costumes of the women make it abundantly clear that Korean women are shown here.” According to the Bei-shi, Zhou-shu, and Sui-shu, the attire of Paekche men was very similar to that of Koguryeo men, both wearing caps with feathers on both sides. The Paekche ladies wore jackets with ample sleeves over the skirts. Zhou-shu records that unmarried Paekche women wore their hair in plaits gathered at the back but left a tress of hair hanging as a decoration, while the married women formed two plaited tresses of hair which were turned up. Bei-shi echoes that unmarried Paekche women twisted their hair into a chignon and let it hang at the back but the married ones twisted their hair upward in two parts. Sui-shu similarly records that unmarried Paekche women twisted their hair into a chignon and let it hang at the back while the married ones separated their hair into two parts and placed them on head. Neither Bei-shi nor Sui-shu mentions a chignon for Koguryeo women. The description of “hanging at the back” in Bei-shi is specifically used for Paekche women. If we examine the hair- 2. Koguryeo Tomb Painting styles of the ladies in the Takamatsuzuka paintings, it is clear Tomb of Wrestling, Jian (top), and that they are the hair-styles of Paekche ladies described in Sui- Su-san-ri, Kang-seo (bottom) shu and Zhou-shu. Their hair-styles are very different from those of the ladies-in-waiting appearing in the fifth-century 11 推古 元年春正月 以佛舍利 Koguryeo Tombs.10 置 于法興寺刹柱礎中 . 建刹 Nihongi records that on January 15, 593, relics of 柱 (NII: 173 ) Buddha were deposited in the foundation stone of the pillar of a pagoda at Hōkōji; and the Suiko section of Fusō-ryakuki 扶桑略記 推古天皇 元年正月 (compiled by the monk Kōen during the early thirteenth 蘇我大臣馬子宿 依合戰願 於飛 century) records that, on that occasion, some one hundred 鳥地建法興寺 立刹柱日 嶋大 people, including the Great Minister Soga Umako, had 幷百餘人 皆着百濟服 觀者悉悅 appeared wearing Paekche clothes, and the spectators were very 4 GRAVE-GOODS FROM THE FUJINOKI TOMB Vol. 2. No. 11. 2005. 6. 18. much delighted.11 The chief of the Research Division of 12 See Lee (1991: 742-5). Shōsō-in, Sekine Sinryu, examined 60 pieces of ancient clothing and concluded that the ancient clothing of Korea and that of Japan were exactly identical.12 THE FUJINOKI SARCOPHAGUS The stone chamber of the Fujinoki Tomb was excavated in late 1985 and early 1986, and the sarcophagus itself was opened in late 1988. The human remains were identified as a male adult between 20 and 30 years of age (of his secondary burial) and a woman. About 10,000 items (counting the beads in lumps) including a gilt-bronze crown, two pairs of gilt-bronze shoes with dangling fish ornaments, two pair of heavily gold-plated bronze earrings, a bronze belt with two silver daggers stuck inside, 416 gold pendants, a pair of gilt-bronze half-cylindrical leg guard pieces, 4 bronze mirrors, 5 swords, and 47 pieces of the brownish-grey ceremonial Sue ware, were recovered. A large quantity of horse-trappings was piled on the chamber floor behind the sarcophagus. The tomb has also yielded about one thousand slats of iron armor, iron arrows, and arrowheads (see Kidder, 1989). One mirror has inscriptions of three characters (yi zi sun) implying “May the owner have an abundance of descendants” exactly like the mirror from the Paekche tomb of King Mu-nyung (d.523). According to Kidder, “most gilt- bronze crowns found in Japan were made in Korea.” Kidder believes that the Fujinoki objects are very similar to Paekche material, specifically the grave-goods from the tomb of King Mu-nyung, and perhaps most of them actually came from Paekche. Kidder (1989) contends that Fujinoki is the tomb of Sushun (r.587-92), Shōtoku’s uncle assassinated by Soga Umako (d.626), inadvertently exposed to public view through misidentification dating from Tokugawa or Meiji periods.