IJPCBS 2018, 8(1), 110-117 Seema Y Mendhekar et al. ISSN: 2249-9504 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL, CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES Available online at www.ijpcbs.com Research Article PHARMACOGNOSTIC, PHYTOCHEMICAL, PHYSICOCHEMICAL AND DETAIL MICROSCOPICAL EVALUATION OF LEAVES ABUTILON INDICUM (L.) SWEET SSP. INDICUM FAMILY (MALVACEAE) Seema Y Mendhekar*, Mayuri S Bangar, Chetana D Balsaraf, SL. Jadhav and DD. Gaikwad Pharmacognosy Department, VJSM’s Vishal Institute of Pharmaceutical Education And Research, Ale, Pune-412 411, Maharashtra, India. ABSTRACT Abutilon indicum (L.) Sweet ssp. Indicum Family (Malvaceae) popularly known as Atibala is used as one of the most important drug in traditional system of medicine to treat various ailments. The present study deals with pharmacognostic, phytochemical, physicochemical and detail microscopical evaluation of leaves of Abutilon indicum. Abutilon indicum may be attributed to the successful conversion of botanical folklore medicines to modern wonder drugs and to amend the health condition for people and also to used in pharmaceutics and neutraceutics merchandise of commercial significance. Ethnic people use the ethnobotanical important plant species of Abutilon indicum. So there is necessary to study some phytochemical analysis and biological activities of this plant. Phytochemical screening should be carried out by using pure extract of various plant species of Abutilon indicum. Purification and toxicological studies should be carried out with a view of sourcing Antimicrobial agents for drug development. The propose work of present research is to focus on poisonous effect of Abutilon indicum in the form of powder of leaves and prepare the crude extract. Keywords: Abutilon indicum (L.) Sweet ssp. Indicum, Malvaceae, Atibala, Pharmacognostic. INTRODUCTION triterpenoids, saponins, cardiac glycosides and Indian Mallow is an erect velvety-pubescent asparagin (11.5 %). Asparagin has diuretic shrub with circular-ovate or heart-shaped activities. Mucilage present in the plant protects leaves with coarsely crenate-serrate margins. the mucous membrane, urinary system and The plant can reach up to 1-2 m. The leaves are helps in gastro-intestinal inflammations, lesions alternately arranged, and have long stalks and and ulcers. Mucilage is diuretic and demulcent have velvety, soft, pale hairs on them. Orange- (relieve irritation of the mucous membranes in yellow flowers, 2-3 cm across, occur solitary in the mouth by forming a protective film). It axils, on long stalks, 4-7 cm. Orange-yellow reduces acidity. annin is astringent and stops petals are triangular-obovate, 1 cm long or bleeding on topical application and diarrhea on slightly more, staminal-tube hairy with stellate oral use. Roots contain fatty acids (linoleic, oleic, hairs. Fruit is quite interesting - it is circular in stearic, palmitic, lauric, myristic, caprylic, capric shape, consisting of 11-20 radiating hairy etc.). Flowers contain seven flavonoid carpels, brown when dry; each carpel flattened, compounds including quercetin and its somewhat boatshaped. Seeds are kidney- glycosides. A chemical compound, β-sitosterol, shaped. The plant is a weed commonly found on which has been identified as the active disturbed land. Flowering: September-April. The ingredient in many medicinal plants, is present leaves contain mucilage, tannin, amino acids, in A. indicum and a petroleum ether extract glucose, fructose, galactose, gallic acid provided larvicidal properties against the sesquiterpene alkaloids, flavonoids, sterols, mosquito larvae Culex quinquefasciatus. 110 IJPCBS 2018, 8(1), 110-117 Seema Y Mendhekar et al. ISSN: 2249-9504 Below is given medicinal properties along with Atibala is used both internally and externally. It the meaning. possess potent anti-hemorrhagic, diuretic, Anti-inflammatory: Leaves, Reducing demulcent and laxative properties. Its topical inflammation by acting on body application stops bleeding from wounds and mechanisms. heals ulcers, wounds and infections. The seeds Anti-fungal: Leaves, inhibit fungal give strength and vigor. Aphrodisiac, piles, infections. cough: The seeds are used. Bleeding piles: The Anti-convulsant: Leaves, Prevent or leaves are cooked and eaten. Dental problems: reduce the severity of epileptic fits or Leaf juice and root are taken orally. Indigestion: other convulsions. Leaves made into a chutney and consumed. Anti-diarrheal: Leaves, gives relief in Rheumatism: Paste of leaves prepared with diarrhoea. mustard oil applied externally. Toothache and Antidiabetic: Leaves, controls diabetes tender gums: As mouthwash decoction of leaves level. Hepatoprotective: Whole plant, is used. Ulcers: juice of the leaves prepared into Prevent damage to the liver. an ointment is applied. Urinary problems, Hypoglycemic: Leaves, Reducing level of strangury and hematuria: The roots of plant are the sugar glucose in the blood. used due to diuretic activities. Vaginal Immunomodulatory: Leaves, Modifies infections, wounds and ulcers: Decoction of the immune response or the functioning leaves is used. of the immune system. Lipid lowering: Leaves, lowers lipid. Fig. 1: Leaves and flowers of Abutilon indicum (L.) Sweet ssp. Indicum 111 IJPCBS 2018, 8(1), 110-117 Seema Y Mendhekar et al. ISSN: 2249-9504 Fig. 2: Herbarium of Abutilon indicum (L.) Sweet ssp. Indicum Vernacular names Genus: Abutilon Mill. – Indian mallow Sanskrit: Atibala, Balika, Balya, Bhuribala, Species: Abutilon indicum (L.) Ghanta, Rishiprokta, Shita, Shitapushpa, Part’s used – Fruit, leaves, seed and roots Vikantaka, Vatyapushpika, Vrishyagandha, Plant type / Growth Habit: Shrub Subshrub Vrishyagandhika Duration: Perennial Hindi: Kanghi Assamese: Jayavandha, Jayapateri Distribution Bengali: Badela Hotter parts of India, in the sub-Himalayan tract Kannada: Shrimudrigida, Mudragida, Turube and other hills up to 1200 m. Kashmiri: Kath Malayalam: Uram, Katuvan, Urubam, Urabam, Habitat Vankuruntott, Oorpam, Tutti Warm, temperate regions, as a common weed on Marathi: Chakrabhendi, Petari, Mudra road sides and other waste places in plains and Maharashtra: Peeli booti, karandi hills. Oriya: Pedipidika Punjabi: Kangi, Kangibooti MATERIALS AND METHODS Rajasthan: Tara-Kanchi, Kanghi, Debi, Jhili, The fresh leaves of Abutilon indicum (L.) Sweet Itwari ssp. Indicum Family (Malvaceae), collected at Tamil: Nallatutti, Paniyarattutti, Perundutti, the flowering stages from the most biodiversity Tutti, Vaddattutti area of India at Pune- district , Junnar -Taluka , Folk: Kanghi, Kakahi, Kakahiyaa Maharashtra state where Authenticated by Dr. Arabic: Musht-ul-ghoul Mrs. S. S. Rahangdale and the plant a voucher English: Country Mallow, Flowering Maples, specimen was submitted as herbarium in the Chinese Bell-flowers, Indian mallow Pharmacognosy Department, VJSM’s Vishal Institute of Pharmaceutical Education And Taxonomical Classification Research, Ale, Pune412411, Maharashtra-INDIA. Kingdom: Plantae – Plants The leaves where dried in shades for 20 days & Subkingdom: Tracheobionta (Vascular plants) Then powdered to get a coarse powder & then Superdivision: Spermatophyta (Seed plants) powder pass through the mesh 40 and The dried Division: Magnoliophyta (Flowering plants) leaves of Abutilon indicum were subjected to Class: Magnoliopsida (Dicotyledons) successive solvent extraction using petroleum Subclass: Dilleniidae ether (60-80°C), methanol and distilled water in Order: Malvales a soxhlet extraction apparatus and concentrated Family: Malvaceae – Mallow family to get a semisolid residue.(Fig.3) 112 IJPCBS 2018, 8(1), 110-117 Seema Y Mendhekar et al. ISSN: 2249-9504 Fig. 3: Extraction Procedure by Soxhlet Description (B ) Microscopic Examination (A)Macroscopic Examination For the study of crystals, starch grains and Macroscopically, (Fig.2) The leaves are lignified cells polarized light microscope was alternately arranged, and have long stalks and employed. Descriptive terms of anatomical have velvety, soft, pale hairs on them. features are as given in the standard anatomy books.4 (Fig.4) Table 1: Staining / Diagnosis/ Microchemical Test Sr.No. Reagents Observations Characteristics Lignified 1 Phloroglucinol+Hcl(1:1) Pink tissues:xylem(vascular bundle) 2 Sudan Red III Pink Cutin/cuticle Mucilaginous cells of 3 Ruthenium red Red epidermis Needle shape crystals from 4 Sulphuric acid Calcium oxalate crystals calcium sulphate are formed. 5 Alcoholic Picric acid Yellow Aleurone Grains 6 Iodine Blue Starch Table 2: Quantitative Microscopy Sr.No. Leaf Constant Mean value 1 Stomatal Index 5.4±0.5 2 Upper Surface 4.9±0.4 3 Lower Surface 15.9±0.5 4 Palisade Ratio 5±1 5 Vein Islet Number 12±1 6 Vein Termination Number 15±2 113 IJPCBS 2018, 8(1), 110-117 Seema Y Mendhekar et al. ISSN: 2249-9504 Fig.4: Microscopic Examination of Leaves of Abutilon indicum (L.) Sweet ssp. Indicum (C) Physico-Chemical Parameter insoluble ash value, water soluble ash value, loss Crude powdered drug of leaves was used for the on drying, foreign matter, pH, moisture content determination of various physicochemical and extractive values.5 parameters such as total ash value, acid Table 3: Physico-Chemical constant of leaves of Abutilon indicum (L.) Sweet ssp. Indicum Sr. No. Parameter Observed Value 1 Acid insoluble Ash 1.53% 2 Water insoluble Ash 2.50% 3 Total Ash 4.44% 4 Water extractive value 4.20% 5 Alc extractive value 5.42% 6 Loss on drying 6.98% (D) Phytochemical Screening of Leaves b) Dragendroff’s test exatract The filtrate will be treated with Dragendroffs The phytoconstituents