CALIFORNIA PATH PROGRAM INSTITUTE OF TRANSPORTATION STUDIES UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY An Information and Institutional Inventory of CaliforniaTransit Agencies Mark D. Hickman Theodore Day California PATH Research Report UCB-ITS-PRR-96-12 This work was performed as part of the California PATH Program of the University of California, in cooperation with the State of California Business, Transportation, and Housing Agency, Department of Transportation; and the United States Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration. The contents of this report reflect the views of the authors who are responsible for the facts and the accuracy of the data presented herein. The contents do not necessarily reflect the official views or policies of the State of California. This report does not constitute a standard, specification, or regulation. May 1996 ISSN 1055-1425 An Information and Institutional Inventory of California Transit Agencies Mark D. Hickman Theodore Day May 1996 Abstract This research identifies and investigates the current technical and institutional framework for information systems and technologies at public transit agencies in California. With the rapid development of new information systems and technologies over the past 10 years, there are many opportunities for public transit agencies to improve data collection, processing and dissemination. This study examines the current state-of-the-practice in California for the collection, use and sharing of data for operations monitoring, service planning, performance measurement and customer information. To investigate these topics, a broad survey of transit agencies in California was conducted, followed by detailed site visits and interviews with several representative agencies. This paper presents these survey results and generates some conclusions for improving current practice. First, the current means of data collection, processing and dissemination are reviewed, and strategies for application of new information systems and technologies are identified. It appears that California has considerable experience with computer information systems and APTS-related technologies; however, in many cases, these technologies are not being used to their fullest potential. Another aspect of the research reviews the technical and institutional environment for data sharing both within a transit agency and between the transit agency and other organizations. In this regard, many agencies are currently incorporating local- and wide-area networks, open software and hardware interface standards, and explicit management policies on data integration. In addition, there are several innovative transit agencies and third-party organizations that are working to enhance data coordination among transit agencies and between transit agencies and other transportation organizations. Based on this inventory, it appears that many California transit agencies are strategically expanding the capabilities and use of these new information systems and technologies. However, there are both technical and institutional areas that seem ripe for growth. On the technical side, there is a continuing need for state-wide participation, both of vendors and of transit agency personnel, to participate in interface standards development. Perhaps more importantly, greater institutional cooperation and information sharing between transit agencies is necessary to share experiences with new information systems and technologies. Keywords: public transit, advanced public transportation systems, information storage and retrieval systems, technology assessment ii iii An Information and Institutional Inventory of California Transit Agencies Mark D. Hickman Theodore Day May 1996 Executive Summary Introduction Many applications of information systems and newer information technologies in public transit are currently envisioned as part of the movement toward Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS). These systems are expected to improve transit management, operations, maintenance and passenger information. However, for many transit agencies, the transition to the information age is not without its costs: these information technologies may involve significant financial costs as well as substantial changes in the technical capabilities, operating procedures and organizational structure of the agency. These factors can have significant implications for the successful adoption and long-term utility of these technologies. It seems both timely and important to identify the potential opportunities and challenges for implementing new information technologies at transit agencies. More specifically, this research examines the current state of practice at transit agencies throughout California, with respect to: • The current environment for data collection, maintenance and sharing • The current technical and organizational climate with respect to new information systems and technologies • Current, planned or potential future applications of various information technologies This research investigates the current technical and institutional framework for the use of data and information systems at California transit agencies. Research Method To examine these issues, a two-phase research method was employed, beginning with a written questionnaire and following up with telephone interviews and site visits. Approximately 80 (public) transit agencies in California with known fleet sizes of 10 or more vehicles were identified, and the written questionnaire was sent to these contacts. A total of 30 transit agencies responded to the questionnaire, covering a broad range of agency sizes. Smaller agencies have a considerable representation in this sample. 28 of 30 offer fixed-route bus services, and 20 of the responding agencies provide paratransit services. One responding agency operates a light rail iv system, one a heavy rail system, and a third both light and heavy rail; each of the three rail systems also offers fixed-route bus service. The survey instrument included over 50 questions, covering specific uses and needs for data and the current use of information systems and technologies. Specific questions in the survey asked about the data, functions, hardware and software, and use of new information technologies within each of the four functional areas: operations monitoring, service planning, performance measurement, and traveler information. The survey also asked about the existence and use of more advanced technologies, commonly called Advanced Public Transportation Systems (APTS). These answers were used to determine the extent to which these systems are being adopted and used at each agency. Following up on the questionnaire results, a second phase of the research involved detailed site visits to a representative group of questionnaire respondents with more notable experiences. These site visits were intended to provide more qualitative information about the organizational and institutional issues surrounding information systems and technology use at each agency. Nine agencies were selected, primarily focusing on those respondent agencies that had some relatively novel APTS applications. This sample included agencies of diverse fleet sizes, service characteristics, and experiences with APTS technologies. Survey Results Collection, Maintenance and Use of Electronic Data It appears that many agencies already have key data in an electronic format. As might be expected, larger agencies typically have more data types in an electronic format or data base. Route and schedule information is typically kept in some type of electronic format, whether in an off-the-shelf spreadsheet package or as part of routing and scheduling software. Most agencies also have electronic farebox data, allowing some measures of ridership and revenue to be tabulated virtually automatically on a daily basis. Other ridership data are often kept in electronic format to assist in development of Section 15 and other performance measures. A majority of agencies surveyed had routes, schedules, ridership and revenue (farebox) data in electronic format. Other data types are less frequently kept in an electronic data base. Driver and vehicle availability may be kept electronically in the form of driver logs, vehicle maintenance logs, and dispatch records. However, this data is typically not in electronic format, except at some larger agencies where software is available to reduce the burden on dispatchers. Accident and crime data are also recorded electronically for easier reference at some of the larger properties, but are rarely kept on-line at smaller agencies. No agency currently has access to electronic data for traffic information. v The survey results also identified the functional unit that is responsible for data collection and/or maintenance at each of the transit agencies, by type of electronic data. Using these responses, it seems that at many of the larger agencies in California, there is some redundancy in data collection and maintenance. At several larger agencies, routes, schedules, farebox and ridership data are collected and maintained by more than one functional unit. Routes and schedules are often held by operations, service planning and customer information, while farebox and ridership information is also held by operations, service planning, and performance measurement. This suggests that similar types of data are being maintained in different units within the agency, and there may be duplication of effort in these tasks. Use of New Information