Chapter 3 : Interactive Technologies Contents : 9 Computer as a System 9 Input Devices 9 Pointing Devices 9 Speech Recognition and Auditory Interface 9 Display – Small and Large 9 Display Technologu 1 MMG3033 Human Computer-Interaction Chapter 3 : Interactive Technologies Learning Objectives z Understand and discuss human perception and interactive technologies that support the various sensory perceptors including: z Vision z Audition z Touch z Understand and discuss interactive input technologies including: z Keyboards z Pointing devices 2 MMG3033 Human Computer-Interaction Chapter 3 : Interactive Technologies Computer As A System • Computer is used as a tool to manipulate and retrieve information, no new information is being added to the machine store but information is entered in form of command in order to get the computer to carry out specific task. 3 MMG3033 Human Computer-Interaction Chapter 3 : Interactive Technologies Computer As A System z What are we trying to achieve when we interact with computer? 9 Passing information to other people Information 9 Receiving information from them transfer z Interaction : process of information transfer from user to the computer and from computer to the user. 4 MMG3033 Human Computer-Interaction Chapter 3 : Interactive Technologies The Computer A computer system is made up of various elements each of these elements affects the interaction z input devices – text entry and pointing z output devices – screen (small&large), digital paper z virtual reality – special interaction and display devices z physical interaction – e.g. sound, haptic, bio-sensing z paper – as output (print) and input (scan) z memory – RAM & permanent media, capacity & access z processing – speed of processing, networks 5 MMG3033 Human Computer-Interaction Chapter 3 : Interactive Technologies How many computers … In your house? In your pockets? z PC z PDA z TV, VCR, DVD, HiFi, z phone, camera cable/satellite TV z smart card, card with z microwave, cooker, magnetic strip? washing machine z electronic car key z central heating z USB memory z security system Can you think of more? 6 MMG3033 Human Computer-Interaction Chapter 3 : Interactive Technologies Interactive Input Devices z Input is concerned with recording and entering data into the computer system and issuing instructions to the computer. z Input device is a device that, together with the appropriate software, transform information from the user into data that a computer application can process. z One of the key aims in selecting an input device and deciding how it will be used to control events in the system to help users to carry out their work safety, effectively, efficiently and also make it enjoyable. 7 MMG3033 Human Computer-Interaction Chapter 3 : Interactive Technologies History of Keyboard z Most of the key positions in the keyboard layout are the result of the design of the keys for the typewriters. z The early typewriters characters were positioned at the end of a long piece of metal and struck the paper through a ribbon when the user pressed the key. z When the typist typed too fast, the keys would caught on each other. z Therefore the key design strategy was to position the most frequently used keys as far apart to minimize the possibility that the keys would stick together. z That design makes no sense for the computer keyboard layouts because there are no mechanical arms striking, only electronic signals. 8 MMG3033 Human Computer-Interaction Chapter 3 : Interactive Technologies Types of Keyboard • Keyboard is the set of typewriter-like keys that enable the user to enter data into the computer. • Keyboard is design for data insertion especially in form of text and commands. • Keyboard is a group of on-off push buttons, which are used either in combination or separately (ALT or CTRL). • 3 types of keyboard : 1. QWERTY 2. CHORD 3. DVORAK 9 MMG3033 Human Computer-Interaction Chapter 3 : Interactive Technologies Keyboard : QWERTY • A standard layout of the alphanumeric keyboard named QWERTY, which name being derived from the first six-letters in the uppermost row from left to centre. • The design have been commercial success when used for typewritters in the USA in 1870. • The arrangement of keys was chosen in order to reduce the incidence of keys jamming. • For example the letters ‘s’, ‘t’ and ‘h’ are far apart even though they are frequently used together. 10 MMG3033 Human Computer-Interaction Chapter 3 : Interactive Technologies Keyboard : QWERTY 1 234 567 890 QWE R TY U I OP A SDFGK HJ L Z XCVBNM , . SPACE 11 MMG3033 Human Computer-Interaction Chapter 3 : Interactive Technologies Keyboard : DVORAK • The Dvorak board, first patented in 1932. • Similar to the QWERTY keyboard but the arrangement of the keys allows for more efficient input. • Dvorak claimed that this arrangement reduces the between-row movement by 90% and allows 35% of all words normally used to be typed on the home row. • But the Dvorak layout has never been commercially successful. 12 MMG3033 Human Computer-Interaction Chapter 3 : Interactive Technologies Keyboard : DVORAK • The Dvorak board, first patented in 1932. • Similar to the QWERTY keyboard but the arrangement of the keys allows for more efficient input. • Dvorak claimed that this arrangement reduces the between-row movement by 90% and allows 35% of all words normally used to be typed on the home row. • But the Dvorak layout has never been commercially successful. 13 MMG3033 Human Computer-Interaction Chapter 3 : Interactive Technologies Keyboard : DVORAK • The Dvorak board, first patented in 1932. • Similar to the QWERTY keyboard but the arrangement of the keys allows for more efficient input. • Dvorak claimed that this arrangement reduces the between-row movement by 90% and allows 35% of all words normally used to be typed on the home row. • But the Dvorak layout has never been commercially successful. 14 MMG3033 Human Computer-Interaction Chapter 3 : Interactive Technologies Keyboard : DVORAK • reduces finger travel distances by at least one order of magnitude • Acceptance has been slow despite the dedicated efforts of some devotees • it takes about 1 week of regular typing to make the switch, but most users have been unwilling to invest the effort 15 MMG3033 Human Computer-Interaction Chapter 3 : Interactive Technologies Keyboard : Chord • In chord keyboards several keys must be pressed at once to enter a single character. • To form words (usually in a shorthand type notation), several keys (four or five) are pressed simultaneously. • One commercially available chord keyboard is the Microwriter. • Training is required to learn the finger combinations. • Very useful for mail sorting and for recording transcripts of proceedings in law courts. 16 MMG3033 Human Computer-Interaction Chapter 3 : Interactive Technologies Keyboard Layouts z Keys z 1/2 inch square keys z 1/4 inch spacing between keys z slight concave surface z matte finish to reduce glare finger slippage z 40- to 125-gram force to activate z 3 to 5 millimeters displacement z tactile and audible feedback important z certain keys should be larger (e.g. ENTER, SHIFT, CTRL) z some keys require state indicator, such as lowered position or light indicator (e.g. CAPS LOCK) z key labels should be large, meaningful, permanent z some "home" keys may have additional features, such as deeper cavity or small raised dot, to help user locate their fingers properly (caution - no standard for this) 17 MMG3033 Human Computer-Interaction Chapter 3 : Interactive Technologies Keyboard Layouts z Function keys z users must either remember each key's function, identify them from the screen's display, or use a template over the keys in order to identify them properly z can reduce number of keystrokes and errors z meaning of each key can change with each application z placement on keyboard can affect efficient use z special-purpose displays often embed function keys in monitor bezel z lights next to keys used to indicate availability of the function, or on/off status z typically simply labeled F1, F2, etc, though some may also have meaningful labels, such as CUT, COPY, etc. z frequent movement between keyboard home position and mouse or function keys can be disruptive to use z alternative is to use closer keys (e.g. ALT or CTRL) and one letter to indicate special function 18 MMG3033 Human Computer-Interaction Chapter 3 : Interactive Technologies Keyboard Layouts z Cursor movement keys z up, down, left, right z some keyboards also provide diagonals z best layout is natural positions z inverted-T positioning allows users to place their middle three fingers in a way that reduces hand and finger movement z cross arrangement better for novices than linear or box z typically include typamatic (auto-repeat) feature z important for form-fillin and direct manipulation z other movements may be performed with other keys, such as TAB, ENTER, HOME, etc. 19 MMG3033 Human Computer-Interaction Chapter 3 : Interactive Technologies Keyboard Layouts z Keyboard and keypads for small devices z Wireless or foldable keyboards z Virtual keyboards z Cloth keyboards z Soft keys z Pens and touch screens 20 MMG3033 Human Computer-Interaction Chapter 3 : Interactive Technologies The popular RIM Blackberry (http://www.blackberry.com) shown here on the left demonstrated that many people could use a reduced-size keyboard on a regular basis; users typically type with one finger or with both thumbs. The Nokia device in the middle shows that non-English-speaking countries may use different keyboard layouts (here, a French AZERTY keyboard). On the right, a larger keyboard uses the longer dimension of the device and can be slid back into the device when not needed (http://www.nokia.com). 21 MMG3033 Human Computer-Interaction Chapter 3 : Interactive Technologies Other text entry methods The virtual keyboard of the Apple iPhone gains precision by allowing finger repositioning and then activates on lift-off 22 MMG3033 Human Computer-Interaction Chapter 3 : Interactive Technologies Special Keyboards z designs to reduce fatigue for RSI z for one handed use e.g.