SYSTEMS ENGINEERING HANDBOOK A “WHAT TO” GUIDE FOR ALL SE PRACTITIONERS INCOSE-TP-2003-016-02, Version 2a, 1 June 2004 Released by: Technical Board International Council on Systems Engineering (INCOSE) Methodologies How To & Tools Do It Technical Management Planning Assessment Control Process Process Process Plans, Outcomes Directives Acquisition & & Status & Supply Feedback Supply Process Acquisition Process Requirements Examples System Steps Design Acquisition Requirements System Request Definition Process Products Solution Definition Process Designs Product Realization Implementation Process Transition to Use Process References Products Metrics Technical Evaluation Systems Requirements System End Products Analysis Validation Verification Validation Process Process Process Process Copyright (c) 2002, 2004 by INCOSE, subject to the restrictions on the following page. INCOSE-TP-2003-016-02 (Approved) INCOSE SE Handbook, Version 2a June 2004 This INCOSE Technical Product was prepared by the Systems Engineering Handbook Working Group of the International Council on Systems Engineering (INCOSE). It is approved by the INCOSE Technical Board for release as an INCOSE Technical Product. Copyright (c) 2002, 2004 by INCOSE, subject to the following restrictions: Author use: Authors have full rights to use their contributions in a totally unfettered way with credit to the INCOSE Technical Product. INCOSE use: Permission to reproduce this document and to prepare derivative works from this document for INCOSE use is granted, provided this copyright notice is included with all reproductions and derivative works. Figures from ANSI/EIA-632 are used by permission, and are not to be reproduced other than as part of this total document. External use: Requests for permission to reproduce this document in whole or part, or to prepare derivative works of this document for external and commercial use, should be addressed to the INCOSE Central Office, 2150 N. 107th St., Suite 205, Seattle, WA 98133-9009 USA. Electronic version use: Any electronic version of this Systems Engineering Handbook is to be used for personal use only and is not to be placed on a non-INCOSE sponsored server for general use. Any additional use of these materials must have written approval from INCOSE Central. Service marks. The following SEI service marks and registered marks are used in this handbook: SE Capability Maturity Model ® Capability Maturity Model IntegrationSM (CMMISM) Permissions: INCOSE has granted permission to member companies of the INCOSE Corporate Advisory Board to post and use this document internally, subject to the external use restriction. ii International Council on Systems Engineering SE Handbook Working Group INCOSE-TP-2003-016-02 (Approved) INCOSE SE Handbook, Version 2a June 2004 Preface This document has been prepared and produced by a volunteer group of contributors within the International Council on Systems Engineering (INCOSE): the Systems Engineering (SE) Handbook Working Group (SEH WG). The original document was based on inputs from numerous INCOSE contributors, was edited by Dorothy McKinney and published in draft form in June 1994 for internal INCOSE review. Version 1 incorporated INCOSE comments, was edited by Tim Robertson, and released and published in January 1998 to the INCOSE web site. The next update (Version 2.0) incorporated changes to conform to ANSI/EIA-632 and EIA-731 as well as to include new contributed material. This document was edited by Jim Whalen, Richard Wray, and Dorothy McKinney. It was completed in July 2000 and released for distribution in early 2002. This current version (Version 2.0a) includes grammatical corrections and a restructuring of the document into smaller sections to facilitate readability and use of the handbook as a study guide for INCOSE SE certification testing. No new material has been inserted for this release. Approved: Terje Fossnes Terje Fossnes, Chair, SEH WG Kevin Forsberg Kevin Forsberg, Co-Chair, SEH WG Richard Wray Richard Wray, Co-Chair for Products Development Gerard Fisher Gerard Fisher, Chair, Process & Improvement Technical Committee William Mackey Chair, INCOSE Technical Board iii International Council on Systems Engineering SE Handbook Working Group INCOSE-TP-2003-016-02 (Approved) INCOSE SE Handbook, Version 2a June 2004 THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK iv International Council on Systems Engineering SE Handbook Working Group INCOSE-TP-2003-016-02 (Approved) INCOSE SE Handbook, Version 2a June 2004 TABLE OF CONTENT 1 SCOPE ................................................................................................................................................... - 1 - 1.1 OBJECTIVE FOR THIS DOCUMENT ....................................................................................................... - 1 - 1.2 MOTIVATION FOR CREATING VERSION 2A .......................................................................................... - 1 - 1.3 RELATIONSHIP TO SE STANDARDS ..................................................................................................... - 3 - 1.4 ORGANIZATION OF THE HANDBOOK ................................................................................................... - 4 - 1.5 REFERENCE DOCUMENTS ................................................................................................................... - 5 - 1.6 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ......................................................................................................................... - 6 - 2 SYSTEMS ENGINEERING OVERVIEW ........................................................................................... - 9 - 2.1 ORIGIN AND EVOLUTION OF SYSTEMS ENGINEERING ......................................................................... - 9 - 2.2 WHAT IS A SYSTEM? ......................................................................................................................... - 10 - 2.3 SOME BASIC SYSTEMS ENGINEERING DEFINITIONS ......................................................................... - 11 - 2.4 THE HIERARCHY WITHIN A SYSTEM ............................................................................................. - 12 - 2.5 WHAT ARE SYSTEMS ENGINEERS AND WHY ARE THEY NEEDED? .................................................. - 14 - 2.6 THE ROLE OF SYSTEMS ENGINEERS ................................................................................................. - 15 - 2.7 THE SYSTEMS ENGINEERING PROCESS ............................................................................................. - 16 - 2.8 THE SYSTEMS ENGINEERING PROCESS ACROSS PROJECT LIFE CYCLE ............................................. - 18 - 2.9 TAILORING THE SYSTEMS ENGINEERING PROCESS .......................................................................... - 19 - 3 MAPPING THE SYSTEMS ENGINEERING PROCESS ONTO SYSTEM LIFE CYCLES ........... - 21 - 3.1 HOW SYSTEMS ENGINEERING RELATES TO SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT PHASES ................................... - 21 - 3.2 COMPARISON BETWEEN COMMERCIAL AND GOVERNMENT PROGRAM PHASES ............................... - 25 - 4 SYSTEMS ENGINEERING PROCESS ............................................................................................. - 27 - 4.1 ACQUISITION AND SUPPLY (DEFINING NEEDS) ................................................................................ - 29 - 4.2 SYSTEMS ENGINEERING TECHNICAL MANAGEMENT ........................................................................ - 31 - 4.3 SYSTEM DESIGN .......................................................................................................................... - 31 - 4.4 PRODUCT REALIZATION ........................................................................................................... - 33 - 4.5 TECHNICAL SUPPORT ................................................................................................................... - 34 - 5 SYSTEMS ENGINEERING TECHNICAL MANAGEMENT .......................................................... - 35 - 5.1 SYSTEMS ENGINEERING PROCESS CONTROL .................................................................................... - 35 - 5.2 SYSTEMS ENGINEERING PRODUCT CONTROL ................................................................................... - 45 - 5.3 TAILORING THE PROCESS ......................................................................................................... - 55 - 5.4 REFLECTING THE TAILORED PROCESS IN THE SEMP ......................................................... - 59 - 6 RISK MANAGEMENT ...................................................................................................................... - 61 - 6.1 RISK CONCEPTS ............................................................................................................................... - 63 - 6.2 THE RISK MANAGEMENT PROCESS .................................................................................................. - 66 - 7 ORGANIZATIONAL PRACTICES ................................................................................................... - 79 - 7.1 OVERVIEW OF INTEGRATED PRODUCT & PROCESS DEVELOPMENT.................................................. - 80 - 7.2 THE IPDT PROCESS ......................................................................................................................... - 82 - 7.3 STEPS IN ORGANIZING AND RUNNING AN IPDT ............................................................................... - 84 - 7.4 POTENTIAL IPDT PITFALLS VERSUS