THE ROYAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL. JUNE, 1908. Vol. VII. No. 6. OO N T E NT S. 341 Col. W. PITT, late R.E. (i/Ah Plates) ... 1. Coast Erosion and its Prevention. By Defence an a Whole. By Col. S. A. E. 2. Tho Relation of Coast Defence to Home ... .. ... 360 HICKSON, D.S.o., R.E.,p.s.c. ... ... HAW KSLEY, R.E. ... ... 367 3. Some Notes on Aeroplanes. By Capt. R. P. T. ... 373 School at the S.M.E. By Lt.-Col. B. R. WARD, R.E. 4. The Fortification T. $McLeod Innes, v.c., C.B. By Col. Sir Edwd. 5. Mremoirs;-Lt.-Gen. James John 384 V.C., K.C.B., late R.E...... .... ... Thackeray, Kc..CI.G., Francis Blair. By Col. Sir Colin C. Scott-Moncrieff, Col. Henry .. ... S7 K.C.S.I., LL.D, late R.E 3 'assau Martin. By Lt.-Col. H. F. C. Lemin, 'lajor.-Gen. Charles .. ... 389 late RE. ... ... ... D.S.o., R.E ... 392 Vickers, R.E. By Major E. D. Swinton, Capt. C. E. ... 39. late Sir 11. Tyler ... ... ... The A. F. By Capt. P. E. Lewis, R.F.A., and Capt. 6. Revlews:-Fanoramla Sketching. 395 .. .. ... Green, R.G.A. 396 azd Tactics. By Capt. H1.M. JoHINSTONE, late R.E. Trainin,- 396 Ieapotns. By B. E. SERGEAUNT ............ Engineer and Cleric. By Capt. M. ELRINGTONT 7. Corrcspondence :-John Hepburn, 397 BlSSET, late R.E. .. ..... ... 399 8. Recent publtcations of Military Interest G. E. CARRINGTON, For many years Master Tailor, Royal Engineers, TAILOR &MILITARY OUTFITTER, 53, HIGH STREET, OLD BROMPTON, KENT. AND 6, CARLTON STREET, REGENT STREET, S.W , { . ., - - - NUT. Madeo from 1 in. to f \2ins. CATES eto. A COIL OF STEEL gripping automatically e .' with immense power. t, t Low Prices. SAMPLE NUT FREE , O? aj LISTS FREE. 4» O,tLVERH< ,, -e Shc,w n,Ron . E,3 & t1. C14I. '... HAWKES & CO., TAILORS AND MILITARY OUTFITTERS, CAP AND ACCOUTREMENT · .MANUFACTURERS, 14, PICCADILLY, LONDON. Patronirzed by many Officers of ths Royal Engineers. CONTENTS. PAGE. 1. COAST EROSION AND ITS PREVENTION. By Col. W. Pitt, late R.E. (WIith Plates) 341 2. TIE RELATION OF COAST DEFENCE TO HOMIE DEFENCE AS A WHOLE. By Col. S. A. E. Hickson, D.S.O., R.E., p.s.c. ... .. ... ... 360 3. SOMIE NOTES ON AEROPLANES. By Capt. R. P. T. Hawksley, R.E ... 367 4. TIIE FORTIFICATION SCIIOOL AT THE S.M.E. By Lt.-Col. B. R. Ward, R.E. .. 373 5. MEMOIRS :- Lt..Gen. James John McLeod Innes, v.c., c.B. By Col. Sir Edwd. T. Thackeray, v.c., K.C.B., late R.E. ...... ... ... ... .... 384 Col. Henry Francis Blair. By Col. Sir Colin C. Scott-Moncrieff, K.C.M.G., K.C.S.I., LL.D., late R.E. ... .. ... ... ... ... 387 Major.Gen. Charles Nassau Martin. By Lt -Col. II. F. C. Lewin, late R.E... 389 Capt. C. E. Vickers, R.E. By Major E. D. Swinton, D.S.o., R.E. ..... 392 The late Sir II. Tyler ... ... ... ... ... ... ..... 394 6. REVIEWS :- Panorama Sketching. By Capt. P. E. Lewis, R.F.A., and Capt. A. F. Green, R.G.A. ..... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 395 Training and Taclics. By Capt. Ii. M. Johnstone, late R.E. .. 396 IWeapons. By B. E. Sergeaunt ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 396 7. CORRESPONDENCE :- John Hepburn, Engineer and Cleric. By Capt. M. Elrington-Bisset, late R.E. 397 8. RECENT PUBLICATIONS OF MILIrARY INTEREST .. ... ... .. 399 Authors alone are responsible for thle statenentts made and the opinions expressed in their papers. 34I COAST EROSIOXV AND ITS PREVENTION. By COLONEL WV. PITT, LATE R.E. THERE is no branch of civil engineering, however remote apparently from the ordinary duties of the Corps, that a Royal Engineer may not find himself suddenly obliged to undertake the study of. Fre- quently indeed he may find himself carrying out works before he has had time to gain even a rudimentary knowledge of the principles according to which they are, or should be, constructed. Few people have any idea of the great extent of sea and river shore, for the protection of which the War Office is responsible, using the word "protection" in the sense of guarding that shore from the incursions of the sea or river, as the case may be, and not from invasion of another kind. Only those officers who may happen to have been stationed in the districts concerned, and the officials at the War Office, are aware that the Royal Engineers are responsible for warding off the attacks of the sea at certain places where these attacks are most persistent and dangerous, and where a failure to maintain the defence would result in the flooding of many thousands of acres of valuable land and enormous pecuniary damage. The coast of England from the Wash to Portsmouth is generally considered to be that portion of our shores wlich is most exposed to attack by an invading enemy, and it is an unfortunate coincidence that it is also more subject here than elsewhere to the inroads of the sea, excepting, perhaps, part of the coast of Yorkshire. Really this is not a coincidence, because the conditions which favour the first kind of attack involve liability to the second also. The War Office lias assumed most of its responsibility for foreshore protection and maintenance since I805, when Napoleon filled the country with alarms by his elaborate preparations for invasion. As a protective measure many forts and over a hundred martello towers were con- structed at intervals along the exposed extent of coast line. These were generally near, and sometimes close, to high-water mark as it then was. Of course, land for the defence works had to be acquired; each martello tower stood in an isolated plot varying from two to ten acres in area, and the forts required more land according to their size. Most of the martello towers were built between Eastbourne and Folkestone, with the object of preventing landings from boats on the open beaches ; frequently the intervals between these towers are half a mile or less. Many were also erected on the coasts of Essex and Suffolk. 342 COAST EROSION AND ITS PREVENTION. Ever since these defence works were constructed a ceaseless war- fare has raged round most of them between the Royal Engineer officer in charge and the tireless sea. On the whole victory so far has been mainly with the attack; of many of the towers no trace now remains. Others are below the present high-water mark, and their days are numbered. Of the forts some have disappeared; of two at least the gorges alone remain intact, and any storm may complete their destruction. The defence however has been but half-hearted, at any rate where there was only a question of the salvation of the works themselves. Long since regarded as obsolete, they have been dismantled, and many of the towers are now peacefully occupied either by fishermen or " week-enders." Amongst the latter they are strangely popular, and where not dangerously near high-water mark are let on lease for quite substantial rents. Others again have been sold. Under the circumstances described it would have been a waste of money to go to a great expense in constructing protective works for the towers, more especially as the War Office could not compel the owners of the intervening lengths of foreshore to do anything. Apart however from the sites of the obsolete defence works, there are many places where it was imperative that the foreshore should be protected from the erosion of the sea, for example, from Dymchurch Redoubt eastwards to Hythe, and at Felixstowe. In the first-named locality there is constant encroachment, a source of great danger, because behind the beach lies Romney Marsh, many feet below high- water level, every acre of which would be drowned out were a serious breach to be made, as well as the rifle ranges of the School of Musketry at Hythe. At Felixstowe the butts in the rifle ranges near Landguard Fort have recently been imperilled, and if nothing were done, the fort itself would in time be cut off from the main land. There are many other danger spots which it is not necessary to specify here. It will suffice to say that they are not confined to the east and south coasts, much trouble having quite recently been caused in Milford Haven. So far reference has only been made to protection from encroach- ments by the sea. There are however many miles of river embank- ments on the Thames, Medway, and other rivers forming the frontage to War Department property, often lying well below high-water mark. For the maintenance of these banks Royal Engineer officers are responsible. Failure might in some cases mean an almost national disaster. In I707 the bank of the Thames at Dagenham, in Essex, was breached, and it was 14 years before the damage was finally repaired by Perry.* Before dealing with the causes of erosion and the remedies it will perhaps be as well here to make some remarks as to the liabilities of * Lives of lhe Enginleers, Ve-ztoryden, Jlyddleton, RPerOy,Jazmes Brindlej', by Samuel Smiles, p. 138. COAST EROSION AND ITS PREVENTION. 343 landowners for the maintenance of the foreshore, as it is in this. ~capacity that the War Office is affected. In a new country there would in all probability be a general law on the subject and a uniform practice. In our islands there is nothing of the sort; with every few miles we find varying conditions, and the local Royal Engineer officer has to make himself acquainted with them.