Human Security Challenges to Pakistan (Water Scarcity, Food Shortage and Militancy) MAZHAR ABBAS ROLL NO. 02 SUPERVISOR PROF. DR. IRAM KHALID DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE UNIVERSITY OF THE PUNJAB LAHORE, PAKISTAN 2018 Human Security Challenges to Pakistan (Water Scarcity, Food Shortage and Militancy) This Thesis is submitted to the University of the Punjab in fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of Doctoral of Philosophy in Political Science MAZHAR ABBAS ROLL NO. 02 SUPERVISOR PROF. DR. IRAM KHALID DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE UNIVERSITY OF THE PUNJAB LAHORE, PAKISTAN 2018 Certificate This is to certify that the present thesis entitled ―Human Security Challenges to Pakistan (Water Scarcity, Food Shortage and Militancy)‖ is written by Mr. Mazhar Abbas, Student of Department of Political Science, University of the Punjab, Lahore for requirement of PhD degree in Political Science. To the best of my knowledge the thesis is based on original research. Prof. Dr. Umbreen Javaid Chairperson Department of Political Science i Certificate It is certified that the present thesis entitled ―Human Security Challenges to Pakistan (Water Scarcity, Food Shortage and Militancy)‖ is written by Mr. Mazhar Abbas for the requirement of PhD degree in Political Science. To the best of my knowledge, the thesis is based on original research. Prof. Dr. Iram Khalid Supervisor Department of Political Science University of the Punjab, Lahore ii Declaration Certificate It is solemnly declared that my PhD thesis titled ―Human Security Challenges to Pakistan (Water Scarcity, Food Shortage and Militancy)‖ is my personal research and nothing is plagiarized. If anything so found, I will be liable to face the consequences under University rules. Mazhar Abbas Ph.D. Scholar Department of Political Science University of the Punjab, Lahore iii Dedicated To My loving, kind, great & beloved “Parents” & My Affectionate “Teachers” Who always wished to see me glittering high on the skies of successes. They made me strong enough to withstand the hardships of life and guide me to the right way. iv Acknowledgements All praises and thanks for Almighty Allah the Omnipotent, the Omnipresent, the Most Merciful and the Most Compassionate, Who‘s blessings and exaltations flourished my thoughts, thrive my ambitions, gave me talented teachers, helping friends, loving parents and bestowed me with the potential and ability to bring forth light thesis. All respects and regards to the Holy Prophet Hazrat Muhammad (PBUH), mercy for the worlds and the Server of the humanity. Earnest and devout appreciation to my respected Supervisor, Prof. Dr. Iram Khalid for her supervision, time to time constructive criticism, philanthropic attitude, valuable suggestions, kind behavior and moral support to improve and bring this dissertation in present shape. I feel immense pleasure in expressing my deep gratitude to honourable Dr. Umbreen Javaid Chairperson, Department of Political Science and International Relations, for providing me with the opportunities and facilities for accomplishing this research work. I am honoured to thank all my teachers of Department of Political Science and International Relations, University of Punjab, Lahore from the core of my heart for their stirring, lively and plentiful guidance throughout the completion of this dissertation. I am greatly thankful to my sweet & nice family members particularly my supportive wife for their love, patience, encouragement, sincere attitude and good wishes to accomplish this humble effort. v I feel proud privilege to mention the feelings of obligations towards my affectionate, loving and caring Friends for their cooperation, suggestions, encouragement, sincere attitude, which altogether made me inspiring companionship. I am proud of my Parents for strenuous efforts made by them in enabling me to join the higher ideas of life, solved all troubles and boosted my moral to accomplish my goal. This research would not have been a reality without the crucial contribution and boundless cooperation of these people. May ALLAH bless all the above mentioned forever! MAZHAR ABBAS Department of Political Science, University of the Punjab, Lahore vi Abstract Human security is a new concept in security studies that emerged in 1990s in the arena of global politics and shifted the focus of security studies from statehood to humans. Countries started to focus at human security while managing their national security policies but many countries of world neglected the human security values in formulation of their national policies and Pakistan is one of those countries. Blend of human security challenges has gradually emerged in Pakistani society due to its negligence in addressing human security issues particularly water scarcity, food shortage and militancy. Fragmented character of society has politicized the water issue in the productions of more water reservoirs which has created the water scarcity in the country that led to food shortage in the society. Common people are deprived from their basic necessities of life which has created the annoyance in deprived people who stood against the writ of government and a wave of militancy has been instigated in almost every part of country. The current research work has analyzed all aforesaid human security challenges to Pakistan in detail. For this purpose, a questionnaire was developed and responded by academia from 10 universities of Pakistan representing all provinces and centre as well. The respondents were 25 students of Masters, MPhil and PhD level and 5 faculty members from Political Science and International Relations departments from each university and collected data has been analyzed by using the Statistical Package for the Social Studies (SPSS) to reach the sound conclusion. Current research work has recommended that the human security challenges to Pakistan such as water scarcity, food shortage and militancy may be addressed vii appropriately by adopting the comprehensive strategy comprising the use of force, diplomatic ways of negotiations and social elevation of common people in the society. Key Words: Human Security, Pakistan, Water Scarcity, Food Shortage, Militancy. viii Table of Contents Certificate .................................................................................................................................. i Certificate ................................................................................................................................. ii Declaration Certificate ........................................................................................................... iii Dedication ............................................................................................................................... iv Acknowledgements .................................................................................................................. v Abstract ................................................................................................................................... vii Table of Contents .................................................................................................................... ix List of Tables ........................................................................................................................ xvii List of Figures ........................................................................................................................ xix List of Abbreviations ........................................................................................................... xxii Chapter 1 .................................................................................................................................. 1 Human Security Challenges to Pakistan ................................................................................ 1 1.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 1 1.2 Review of the Literature ............................................................................................ 6 1.2.1 Human Security Concept ................................................................................... 6 1.2.2 Water Scarcity .................................................................................................... 8 1.2.3 Food Shortage .................................................................................................. 11 1.2.4 Militancy .......................................................................................................... 13 1.3 Justification and Likely Benefits.............................................................................. 15 1.4 Objectives ................................................................................................................ 17 1.5 Research Questions .................................................................................................. 17 1.6 Plan of Work and Research Methodology ............................................................... 18 1.6.1 Research Methodology .................................................................................... 20 1.6.1.1 Research Design .............................................................................................. 20 1.6.1.2 Population of the Study .................................................................................... 20 1.6.1.3 Sampling .........................................................................................................