Lightweight Protocols for Distributed Systems Thesis for Submission for PhD ./. Crawcrofi Depiu’linent of Computer Science University College London, Gower Street, London WCIE 6BT. ProQuest Number: 10105643 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest. ProQuest 10105643 Published by ProQuest LLC(2016). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 CONTENTS 1. Chapter 1: Distributed Systems Protocol A rchitectures ....................................................................... 7 1.1 U s e r s .................................................................................................................................................... 7 1.2 The Operating S y s te m ...................................................................................................................... 7 1.3 Hie W ire .............................................................................................................................................. 7 1.4 Switching Metliodologies ................................................................................................................ 8 1.5 Packets on the network ...................................................................................................................... 10 1.6 Operating System F a c i l i t i e s .......................................................................................................... 10 1.7 Software for Intennediate Devices in a N etw o rk ....................................................................... 11 1.8 Distributed Systems Protocol A rchitecture ................................................................................... 11 1.9 Transactions ........................................................................................................................................ 12 1.10 Sequence luid T i m e ............................................................................................................................ 12 1.11 M an ag em en t ........................................................................................................................................ 13 1.12 Related w o r k ........................................................................................................................................ 13 2. Chapter 2; Protocol Implementation Design M etliodology ................................................................. 14 2.1 Some agreed formats in protocols .............................................................................................. 14 2.2 Some Rules for Protocols ................................................................................................................ 15 2.3 What is C o n c u n e n c y ? ...................................................................................................................... 17 2.4 Interleaving ........................................................................................................................................ 17 2.5 Problems with Concuirency .......................................................................................................... 17 2.6 Consumers, Producers imd Critical Regions ............................................................................. 19 2.7 Tlie Internet Architecture ................................................................................................................ 23 2.8 Protocol State and Piu'ameterizaiion ............................................................................................... 25 2.9 Different Architectures ...................................................................................................................... 27 2.10 Performance Limitations of OS I .................................................................................................... 29 2.11 Traditional Communications Requirements 29 2.12 Service interfaces to Transport p ro to c o ls ................................................................................... 30 2.13 Non blocking and Asynchronous interfaces ............................................................................. 32 2.14 Transport-to-network L e v e l .......................................................................................................... 34 2.15 Network-to-Link or Device L e v e l ............................................................................................... 34 2.16 ISO Trmisport C htsses ...................................................................................................................... 34 2.17 Network E rro rs .................................................................................................................................. 35 2.18 What mu.st a Tran.sport Protocol d o ? ............................................................................................... 35 2.19 What else do you need in a P ro to c o l? ......................................................................................... 36 2.20 Related W o r k .................................................................................................................................. 36 2.21 Performance Related W o r k .......................................................................................................... 37 3. Chapter 3: A Sequential Exchange P ro t(x :o l ......................................................................................... 38 3.1 In tro d u c tio n ........................................................................................................................................ 38 3.2 The ESP P r o t o c o l ............................................................................................................................ 39 3.3 The Message Transport Sublayer ..................................................................................................... 40 3.4 Pairing Messages for Request/Response ................................................................................... 41 3.5 Service Interface ............................................................................................................................ 43 3.6 Examples of Operjition of Request/Reply ................................................................................... 44 3.7 Performance and Possible Enhancem ents ................................................................................... 48 3.8 Forwîirding Calls and M ulticast ..................................................................................................... 48 3.9 Packet L a y o u t .................................................................................................................................. 48 3.10 The ESP message sub layer state ta b le ......................................................................................... 52 3.11 Default timer and counter values ..................................................................................................... 53 3.12 A Note on Bit Ordering ................................................................................................................ 53 3.13 Crash and Relxxn Protœol Interaction ......................................................................................... 53 3.14 Related P rotocols ............................................................................................................................ 54 “ 1 - 4. Chapter 4; A Multicast 1 rausport Protocol ........................................................................................ 55 4.1 In tro d u c tio n ........................................................................................................................................ 55 4.2 Multicast Semrmtics ...................................................................................................................... 56 4.3 N-Reliable Maximal Service .......................................................................................................... 56 4.4 Underlying Network S ervice .......................................................................................................... 57 4.5 Tlie Messaging Service Interface .................................................................................................... 57 4.6 Message Primitives ............................................................................................................................ 58 4.7 Buffering and Markers in the Interface ......................................................................................... 58 4.8 Failure M tx les .................................................................................................................................. 58 4.9 Messaging Protocol O p eratio n ..................................................................................................... 59 4.10 Acknowledgement Scheme for Multipacket M e ssa g e s ..........................................................