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University Microfilms 300 North Zeob Road Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 A Xerox Education Company I I 73-2123 SHANDLER, Donald David, 1940- AMERICAN SHAKESPEARE FESTIVAL THEATRES: A SENSE OF OCCASION. The Ohio State University, Ph.D., 1972 Theater University Microfilms, A XEROX Company , Ann Arbor, Michigan (^Copyright by Donald David Shandler 1972 AMERICAN SHAKESPEARE FESTIVAL THEATRES: A SENSE OF OCCASION Dissertation Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Donald David Shandler, B.S., M.A The Ohio State University 1972 Approved by Department of Theatre PLEASE NOTE: Some pages may have indistinct print. Filmed as received. University Microfilms, A Xerox Education Company ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS To the American Shakespeare festival theatres discussed in th study for the photographs and festival materials they provided me; to my dissertation committee, Professor John C. Morrow (chairman), Professor Roy H. Bowen, and Professor George C. Crepeau, for their collective guidance which directly shaped the development of this study; to my editor Professor Robert Boyer, proofreader Professor Corwin Georges, and typist-1iaison Evelyn Conti; and to Judy Ann, my wife, friend, and general consultant, I am deeply appreciative. VITA December 1, 1S&0 ................................ Born - Nev/ark, New Jersey 1963........................................................... B.A., Montclair State College, Upper Montclair, New Jersey 1963-1968 ............................................. Teacher of Speech and Dramatics, Madison High School, Madison, New Jersey 1968 ........................................................... M.A., Montclair State College, Upper Montclair, New Jersey 1968-1970 ............................................. Teaching Associate, Department of Theatre, The Ohio State University Columbus, Ohio 1971 ........................................................... Graduate Administrative Associate, Department of Theatre, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 1971 ........................................................... Instructor, Department of Communi­ cation and Theatre, Boston College Chestnut H ill, Massachusetts PUBLICATIONS "Masters of Mediocrity." Mad Magazine, New York: E. C. Publications March, 1966. "Hew to Tell If You Are Really 'In'?" Pageant Magazine, New York: Macfadden-Bartel1 Corporation, February, 1965* FIELDS OF STUDY Major Field: Theatre Aesthetics: The Foundation of Twentieth Century Total Theatre. Professor George C. Crepeau. Classical, Elizabethan, and Commedia d e ll’Arte Theatre History. Professor John C. Morrow. Classical, French Neoclassical, and Contemporary British and American Theatre Criticism. Professor John C. Morrow. Preclassical, Classical, and Renaissance Dance History. Professor Shirley Wynne. Modern British Drama 1956-1970* Professor Roy H. Bowen. The Emergence of the Director: Meiningen to Grotowski. Professor Roy H. BoWe-i*::~ TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOV/LEDGMENTS...................................................................................................... VITA................................................................................................................................ LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS ........................................................................................ Chapter 1. A BASIC CONCERN........................................................................................ An Introductory Note The Performing Arts Dilemma: In Search of an Audience American Theatre Activity of the 1960's The Athenian Moment The Elizabethan Moment II. FEAST, FESTIVAL, ELIZABETHAN DRAMA ............................................ Contemporary Theatre: A Study in Ambivalence Multiple Points of Origin of Theatre Permeated by a Sense of Occasion Feast, Festival, Drama: A Selected Chronology Early English Stages: Festivity and A Sense of Occasion Shakespeare's Plays: Historic Interplay Between Social and A rtistic Form I I I . SHAKESPEARE FESTIVAL THEATRES: ENGLISH AND CANADIAN PRECURSORS....................................................................... The Post-Elizabethan Moment: An Indefinite Continuum A Neo-Elizabethan Tradition Emerges Burgeoning Festivals and Shakespeare Industry The Royal Shakespeare Company: A Significant Model The Stratford Shakespearean Festival Foundation of Canada Chapter Page IV. AMERICAN SHAKESPEARE FESTIVAL THEATRES (PART 1)........................ 95 An Overview San Diego National Shakespeare Festival Oregon Shakespeare Festival V. AMERICAN SHAKESPEARE FESTIVAL THEATRES (PART 11 ) .........................1^3 New York Shakespeare Festival American Shakespeare Festival Theatre VI. AMERICAN SHAKESPEARE FESTIVAL THEATRES (PART I I I ) .........................19^ Colorado Shakespeare Festival Theatre The Champlain Shakespeare Festival The Great Lakes Shakespeare Festival The Antioch Shakespeare Festival V II. CONCLUSION...............................................................................................................229 BIBLIOGRAPHY...........................................................................................................................238 vi LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Figure Page 1. Bartholomew's Faire on the Green.............................................................Ill 2. Bartholomew's Faire on the Green—Dancing .................................... 112 3. Bartholomew's Faire on the Green—Singing . ...............................113 4. The Oregon Shakespeare Festival Theatre, frontal view . 122 5. The Oregon Shakespeare Festival Theatre, side view ........................123 6. Oregon Shakespeare Festival Theatre, rear exterior view .....................................................................................................................133 7* Oregon Shakespeare Festival, play in production, evening ....................................................................................................... 134 8. New York Shakespeare Festival—an early borough theatre .................................................................................. ..... 153 9« New York Festival—Central Park th e a tre............................................ 155 10. The New York Shakespeare Festival—Delacorte Theatre Panorama..................... 163 11. The New York Shakespeare Festival—Stage and Skyscraper ....................................................................................................... 164 12. The American Shakespeare Festival Theatre—exterior .... 176 13* The American Shakespeare Festival Theatre— conventional auditorium ...................................................................... 177 14. The American Shakespeare Festival Theatre— raked proscenium stage ..................................................................... 178 15. The American Shakespeare Festival Theatre— twelve acre s ite .......................................................................................... 185 vi i Figure Page 16. The Mary Rippon Theatre—aerial view of amphitheatre....................................................................................................196 17* The Mary Rippon Theatre—panoramic view of stage a r e a...............................................................................................197 18. The Mary Rippon Stage—view of downstage semicircular thrust ............................................................................... 198 19- The Great Lakes Shakespeare Festival — panorama view of stage.............................................................................2)5 20. The Great Lakes Shakespeare Festival — tight view of