ALAGAPPA UNIVERSITY [Accredited with ‘A+’ Grade by NAAC (CGPA:3.64) in the Third Cycle and Graded as Category–I University by MHRD-UGC] (A State University Established by the Government of Tamil Nadu) KARAIKUDI – 630 003 Directorate of Distance Education M.A. [History] I - Semester 321 11 INDIAN CIVILIZATION AND CULTURE UP TO 1206 A.D. Reviewer V. Panchhpakesan Associate Professor of History (Retired), Periyar E.V.R. College (Autonomous), Tiruchy Authors Dr. Nirja Sharma, Assistant Professor, University of Delhi, Delhi Units: (2.2.1, 2.2.3, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11.2-11.3, 12.2) Dr. Bhawana Mishra, Visiting Faculty, Dr Ram Manohar Lohia Avadh University, Hawai Patti, Allahabad Road, Faizabad Units: (12.3) Vikas® Publishing House: Units (1, 2.0-2.1, 2.2, 2.2.2, 2.2.4, 2.3-2.8, 3, 4, 5, 8, 11.0-11.1, 11.4-11.9, 12.0-12.1, 12.4-12.8, 13, 14) "The copyright shall be vested with Alagappa University" All rights reserved. No part of this publication which is material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or transmitted or utilized or stored in any form or by any means now known or hereinafter invented, electronic, digital or mechanical, including photocopying, scanning, recording or by any information storage or retrieval system, without prior written permission from the Alagappa University, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu. Information contained in this book has been published by VIKAS® Publishing House Pvt. Ltd. and has been obtained by its Authors from sources believed to be reliable and are correct to the best of their knowledge. However, the Alagappa University, Publisher and its Authors shall in no event be liable for any errors, omissions or damages arising out of use of this information and specifically disclaim any implied warranties or merchantability or fitness for any particular use. Vikas® is the registered trademark of Vikas® Publishing House Pvt. Ltd. VIKAS® PUBLISHING HOUSE PVT. LTD. E-28, Sector-8, Noida - 201301 (UP) Phone: 0120-4078900 Fax: 0120-4078999 Regd. Office: 7361, Ravindra Mansion, Ram Nagar, New Delhi 110 055 Website: www.vikaspublishing.com Email: [email protected] Work Order No. AU/DDE/DE1-238/Preparation and Printing of Course Materials/2018 Dated 30.08.2018 Copies - 500 SYLLABI-BOOK MAPPING TABLE Indian Civilization and Culture Up to 1206 A.D. BLOCK 1: PRE-HISTORY AND PROTO-HISTORY OF INDIA UNIT - I: Meaning of Civilization and Culture - Various Sources - Pre- Unit 1: Meaning of Civilization historic Culture - Palaeolithic Ages, Mesolithic Ages and Neolithic Ages. and Culture (Pages 1-26) UNIT - II: Socio - Economic and Culture of Indus Valley Civilization - Socio Unit 2: Indus Valley and Tamil - Economic Condition of Ancient Tamil Civilization. Civilization (Pages 27-49) UNIT - III: Early Vedic Period and Later Vedic Period - Caste System - Unit 3: Early and Later Varnashrama Dharma. Vedic Period (Pages 50-60) UNIT - IV: Rise of New Religions - Causes - Contribution of Jainism to Unit 4: Rise of New Religions Indian Culture - Mahavira and his Teaching. (Pages 61-72) BLOCK 2 : ORIGIN OF INDIAN RELIGION UNIT - V: Budhha and his Teaching - Contribution of Buddhism to Indian Unit 5: Buddha and His Culture. Teachings (Pages 73-84) UNIT - VI: Persian and Greek Invasions and their Impacts - Alexander the Unit 6: Persion and Greek Great. Invasions (Pages 85-100) UNIT - VII: Mahajanapadas - Rise of Magadha - Culture and Civilization Unit 7: Rise of Magadha and the during the Mauryan Ages. Mauryan Dynasty (Pages 101-119) UNIT - VIII: Kautilya's Arthasatra - Ashoka the Great - Asoka's Dhamma - Unit 8: Kautilya and Ashoka Spread of Buddhism. (Pages 120-139) BLOCK 3: SOCIO-ECONOMIC LIFE UNIT - IX: Buddhist Conferences - Cultural Contributions of Sungas - Unit 9: Buddhist Conferences Pushyamithrasungan. (Pages 140-145) UNIT - X: The Age of the Kushanas - Kanishka - Mahayana Buddhism - Unit 10: The Age of Kushanas The Kushanas Art and Architecture. (Pages 146-164) UNIT -XI: Socio - Economic Condition - Art and Culture of Guptas - Golden Unit 11: The Guptas Age of Gupta. (Pages 165-185) UNIT - XII: Indian Culture during the Period of Harshavardhana - Unit 12: Harshavardhana TheRajputs - Theories of their Origin - Socio, Economic and Cultural and the Rajputs Conditions. (Pages 186-210) BLOCK 4: FOREIGN INVATION UNIT - XIII: The Arab Conquest of Sind - Spread of the Arabic Culture in Unit 13: Advent of Islam in India India - Conquest of Mohamed Gazni. (Pages 211-225) UNIT - XIV: Mohamed Ghor - Socio - Economic and Cultural Condition - Unit 14: Muhammad Ghori and Impact of the Turkish Invasion. the Turkish Invasion (Pages 226-238) CONTENTS INTRODUCTION BLOCK I: PRE-HISTORY AND PROTO-HISTORY OF INDIA UNIT 1 MEANING OF CIVILIZATION AND CULTURE 1-26 1.0 Introduction 1.1 Objectives 1.2 Various Sources 1.3 Prehistoric Sites and Settlements 1.4 Answers to Check Your Progress Questions 1.5 Summary 1.6 Key Words 1.7 Self Assessment Questions and Exercises 1.8 Further Readings UNIT 2 INDUS VALLEY AND TAMIL CIVILIZATION 27-49 2.0 Introduction 2.1 Objectives 2.2 Socio-Economic Culture of Indus Valley Civilization 2.2.1 Geographical Expansion 2.2.2 Life and Culture 2.2.3 Art Practised in Indus Valley Civilization 2.2.4 Urban Decline of the Indus Valley Civilization 2.3 Socio-Economic Condition of Ancient Tamil Civilization 2.4 Answers to Check Your Progress Questions 2.5 Summary 2.6 Key Words 2.7 Self Assessment Questions and Exercises 2.8 Further Readings UNIT 3 EARLY AND LATER VEDIC PERIOD 50-60 3.0 Introduction 3.1 Objectives 3.2 Early Vedic Period and Beginning of the Caste System 3.3 Later Vedic System: Caste System 3.4 Answers to Check Your Progress Questions 3.5 Summary 3.6 Key Words 3.7 Self Assessment Questions and Exercises 3.8 Further Readings UNIT 4 RISE OF NEW RELIGIONS 61-72 4.0 Introduction 4.1 Objectives 4.2 Jainism 4.2.1 Mahavira and his Teachings 4.2.2 Contributions to Indian Culture 4.3 Reasons for the Rise of New Religions 4.4 Answers to Check Your Progress Questions 4.5 Summary 4.6 Key Words 4.7 Self Assessment Questions and Exercises 4.8 Further Readings BLOCK II: ORIGIN OF INDIAN RELIGION UNIT 5 BUDDHA AND HIS TEACHINGS 73-84 5.0 Introduction 5.1 Objectives 5.2 Contribution of Buddhism to Indian Culture 5.2.1 Teachings of Buddha 5.2.2 Social Background or Causes of Origin of Buddhism 5.2.3 Teachings of Buddha and Indian Society 5.3 Social Causes of the Rise and Fall of Buddhism 5.3.1 Effects and Contribution of Buddhism in the Field of Social Reconstruction 5.3.2 Causes of the Decline of Buddhism 5.4 Answers to Check Your Progress Questions 5.5 Summary 5.6 Key Words 5.7 Self Assessment Questions and Exercises 5.8 Further Readings UNIT 6 PERSION AND GREEK INVASIONS 85-100 6.0 Introduction 6.1 Objectives 6.2 Impact of Persian Invasions 6.2.1 Achaemenian/Persian Rulers 6.2.2 Effects of Persian/Achaemenian Invasions 6.3 Macedonian and Greek Invasions and their Impacts 6.3.1 Alexander the Great’s India Campaign 6.3.2 Greek Influences on Indian History 6.4 Answers to Check Your Progress Questions 6.5 Summary 6.6 Key Words 6.7 Self Assessment Questions and Exercises 6.8 Further Readings UNIT 7 RISE OF MAGADHA AND THE MAURYAN DYNASTY 101-119 7.0 Introduction 7.1 Objectives 7.2 Mahajanapadas and Rise of Magadha 7.2.1 Rise of Mahajanapadas, Republics and Monarchies 7.2.2 Emergence of Cities and Territorial States 7.3 Culture and Civilization During Mauryan Ages 7.3.1 Chandragupta Maurya 7.3.2 Decline of the Mauryan Empire 7.4 Answers to Check Your Progress Questions 7.5 Summary 7.6 Key Words 7.7 Self Assessment Questions and Exercises 7.8 Further Readings UNIT 8 KAUTILYA AND ASHOKA 120-139 8.0 Introduction 8.1 Objectives 8.2 Kautilya’s Arthasastra 8.3 Ashoka the Great and the Spread of Buddhism 8.3.1 Ashoka’s Reign 8.3.2 Ashoka’s Dhamma 8.4 Answers to Check Your Progress Questions 8.5 Summary 8.6 Key Words 8.7 Self Assessment Questions and Exercises 8.8 Further Readings BLOCK III: SOCIO-ECONOMIC LIFE UNIT 9 BUDDHIST CONFERENCES 140-145 9.0 Introduction 9.1 Objectives 9.2 Cultural Contributions of Sungas 9.2.1 Origin of Sungas 9.2.2 Pushyamitra Sunga 9.3 Answers to Check Your Progress Questions 9.4 Summary 9.5 Key Words 9.6 Self Assessment Questions and Exercises 9.7 Further Readings UNIT 10 THE AGE OF KUSHANAS 146-164 10.0 Introduction 10.1 Objectives 10.2 The Kushana Empire and Kanishka 10.2.1 Kanishka 10.2.2 Downfall of the Kushana Empire 10.2.3 Kanishka and Mahayana Buddhism 10.3 Art and Architecture Under Kushanas 10.3.1 Mathura School of Art 10.3.2 Gandhara School of Art 10.4 Answers to Check Your Progress Questions 10.5 Summary 10.6 Key Words 10.7 Self Assessment Questions and Exercises 10.8 Further Readings UNIT 11 THE GUPTAS 165-185 11.0 Introduction 11.1 Objectives 11.2 Socio-Economic Condition During the Guptas 11.2.1 Sources of Information 11.3 The Rise and Fall of the Gupta Empire 11.3.1 Chandragupta I 11.3.2 Samudragupta 11.3.3 Chandragupta II 11.4 Art and Architecture During the Golden Age 11.4.1 Gupta Temples 11.4.2 Gupta Sculpture 11.4.3 Gupta Paintings 11.4.4 Development of Music during Guptas 11.5 Answers to Check Your Progress Questions 11.6 Summary 11.7 Key Words 11.8 Self Assessment Questions and Exercises 11.9 Further Readings UNIT 12 HARSHAVARDHANA AND THE RAJPUTS 186-210 12.0 Introduction 12.1 Objectives 12.2 Indian Culture During the Period of Harshavardhana 12.3 The Rajputs 12.4 Answers to Check Your Progress Questions 12.5 Summary 12.6 Key Words 12.7 Self Assessment Questions and Exercises 12.8 Further Readings BLOCK IV: FOREIGN INVATION UNIT 13 ADVENT OF ISLAM IN INDIA 211-225 13.0 Introduction 13.1 Objectives 13.2 The Arab Conquest of Sindh 13.3 Conquest of Mahmud Gazni and the Spread of Arabic Culture in India 13.4 Answers to Check Your Progress Questions 13.5 Summary 13.6 Key Words 13.7 Self Assessment Questions and Exercises 13.8 Further Readings UNIT 14 MUHAMMAD GHORI AND THE TURKISH INVASION 226-238 14.0 Introduction 14.1 Objectives 14.2 Invasions of Muhammad Ghori and Socio-Cultural Conditions in India 14.3 Answers to Check Your Progress Questions 14.4 Summary 14.5 Key Words 14.6 Self Assessment Questions and Exercises 14.7 Further Readings Introduction INTRODUCTION India is recognized as having a unique and intriguing history and culture.