Palgrave Macmillan Memory Studies Series Editors Andrew Hoskins University of Glasgow Glasgow, UK John Sutton Department of Cognitive Science Macquarie University Macquarie, Australia The nascent feld of Memory Studies emerges from contemporary trends that include a shift from concern with historical knowledge of events to that of memory, from ‘what we know’ to ‘how we remember it’; changes in generational memory; the rapid advance of technologies of memory; panics over declining powers of memory, which mirror our fascination with the possibilities of memory enhancement; and the development of trauma narratives in reshaping the past. These factors have contrib- uted to an intensifcation of public discourses on our past over the last thirty years. Technological, political, interpersonal, social and cultural shifts affect what, how and why people and societies remember and for- get. This groundbreaking new series tackles questions such as: What is ‘memory’ under these conditions? What are its prospects, and also the prospects for its interdisciplinary and systematic study? What are the con- ceptual, theoretical and methodological tools for its investigation and illumination? More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/14682 Gelinada Grinchenko · Eleonora Narvselius Editors Traitors, Collaborators and Deserters in Contemporary European Politics of Memory Formulas of Betrayal Editors Gelinada Grinchenko Eleonora Narvselius Department of Ukrainian Studies Centre for Languages and Literature V. N. Karazin Kharkiv National Lund University University Lund, Sweden Kharkiv, Ukraine Palgrave Macmillan Memory Studies ISBN 978-3-319-66495-8 ISBN 978-3-319-66496-5 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-66496-5 Library of Congress Control Number: 2017950732 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2018 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifcally the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microflms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specifc statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affliations. Cover illustration: theendup/Alamy Stock Photo Printed on acid-free paper This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Springer International Publishing AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The path of this book to publishing was long and winding. After sev- eral efforts to anchor a new space of study in various academic contexts, we, Gelinada Grinchenko and Eleonora Narvselius, crystallized the idea of an edited volume in 2014. By that time, we knew that there exists a profound interest in conceptualizing the topic of betrayal and collabo- ration in a multidisciplinary framework, and also that the time was ripe for a new academic discussion with an international outreach. Initially we spread a word about the book project among members of the collabo- rative network ISCH COST Action IS1203 In Search of Transcultural Memory in Europe (ISTME) in which we used to participate in 2013- 2016. Several contributions to the volume, namely by Sławomir Kapralski, Mārtiņš Kaprāns, Tea Sindbæk Andersen, Piotr Toczyski, Gelinada Grinchenko and Eleonora Narvselius, are thus an outcome of the cooperation that became possible due to the generous funding of the European Commission. The publication project came to its next phase in May 2016 thanks to a fnancial support from Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation. We greatly acknowledge its grant F14-2175:1 that enabled organization of the international workshop Formulas for Betrayal: Traitors, Deserters, Collaborators in European Politics of Memory at the Center for European Studies at Lund University. Special thanks are directed toward the director of the Center prof. Barbara Törnquist-Plewa for endorsing this pre-publication forum. On this stage, the book project also beneftted from a generous grant provided by the Crafoord Foundation. v vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS In the process of work on their respective chapters several contribu- tors obtained fnancial support for which they want to express their grati- tude to a number of organizations. Benjamin Tromly’s research for his chapter was made possible by the Gerda Henkel Stiftung, Columbia University Libraries, and University of Puget Sound. Mārtiņš Kaprāns’s funding came from the European Union through the European Social Fund (Mobilitas grant no. 409MJD). Peter Pirker and Johannes Kramer wish to thank the Vienna Science and Technology Fund and the National Fund of the Republic of Austria for Victims of National Socialism. Piotr Toczyski acknowledges support of several institu- tions and research projects, among them European Studies Unit at the Polish Academy of Sciences, COST Action IS1203, the School of Social Sciences at Bangor University, and War and Memory project led by Dr. Peter Tame at the Queen’s University in Belfast. Marco Dräger expresses his gratitude to the foundation Die schwelle Beiträge zum − Frieden (Bremen) as well as the Commission for Internationalization of the Philosophy Department at the Georg-August-Universität Göttingen for covering the translation costs. Yuliya Yurchuk thanks to the Baltic Sea Foundation that funded the project Propaganda and Information Management in Ukraine-Russia Confict within which she could conduct the research for her chapter. Gelinada Grinchenko Eleonora Narvselius CONTENTS 1 Introduction: “Formulas of Betrayal”—Traitors, Collaborators and Deserters in Contemporary European Politics of Memory 1 Eleonora Narvselius and Gelinada Grinchenko Part I Military Formations and Combatants in “Formulas of Betrayal” 2 Monuments for Deserters!? The Changing Image of Wehrmacht Deserters in Germany and Their Gradual Entry into Germany’s Memory Culture 31 Marco Dräger 3 From Traitors to Role Models: Rehabilitation and Memorialization of Wehrmacht Deserters in Austria 59 Peter Pirker and Johannes Kramer 4 Reinventing Collaboration: The Vlasov Movement in the Postwar Russian Emigration 87 Benjamin Tromly vii viii CONTENTS Part II Intellectuals Elites as Betrayers, the Betrayed and Masterminds Behind “Formulas of Betrayal” 5 Taking an Intellectual Stance Between Communist Resistance and Fascist Collaboration: Jean Paulhan and the Épuration Process in France at the End of WWII 115 Caroline Perret 6 Intellectuals in Times of Troubles: Between Empowerment and Disenchantment During the Orange Revolution and Euromaidan 141 Yuliya Yurchuk and Alla Marchenko 7 Discussing Wartime Collaboration in a Transnational Digital Space: The Framing of the UPA and the Latvian Legion in Wikipedia 169 Mārtiņš Kaprāns and Mykola Makhortykh 8 In the Ninth Circle: Intellectuals as Traitors in the Russo-Ukrainian War 197 Tanya Zaharchenko Part III Collaboration in the Conditions of WWII: Crime, Punishment, Memory 9 Collaboration and the Genocide of Roma in Poland 215 Sławomir Kapralski 10 The Soviet Punishment of an All-European Crime, “Horizontal Collaboration” 241 Vanessa Voisin 11 “Organized Bestial Gangs”—The Second World War and Images of Betrayal in Yugoslav Socialist Cinema 265 Tea Sindbæk Andersen Contents ix 12 Collaboration and Collaborators in Ukraine During the Second World War: Between Myth and Memory 285 Mykola Borovyk Part IV “Formulas of Betrayal” as a Political Ascription and Public Response 13 Silken Braids Under the German Boot: Creating Images of Female Soviet Ostarbeiters as Betrayers and Betrayed 311 Gelinada Grinchenko and Eleonora Narvselius 14 Betrayal of Memory in Hungarian Public Memorials of the Twentieth Century 337 Melinda Harlov-Csortán 15 Betrayal and Public Memory: The “Myroslav Irchan Affair” in the Diaspora—Homeland Disjuncture 361 Natalia Khanenko-Friesen 16 Post-War and Post-Communist Poland and European Knightly Myths of Loyalty and Betrayal: Pasikowski’s Acquis Mythologique Communautaire 383 Piotr Toczyski Index 403 EDITORS AND CONTRIBUTORS About the Editors Gelinada Grinchenko is a historian, Professor of History at the Department of Ukrainian Studies (Faculty of Philosophy, V. N. Karazin National University, Kharkiv, Ukraine), and received her Doctorate of Sciences in History in 2011 from the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. She is editor-in-chief of the Ukrainian based peer-review journal Ukraina Moderna (http://uamoderna.com) and head of the Ukrainian Oral History Association (http://oralhistory.com.ua). Her main areas of research are oral history, the history and memory of forced labour during World War II, war and post-war politics of memory,