AN ECOLOGICAL MODEL OF TRADE: PREHISTORIC ECONOMIC CHANGE IN THE NORTHERN RIO GRANDE REGION OF NEW MEXICO Item Type text; Dissertation-Reproduction (electronic) Authors Bronitsky, Gordon Jay, 1949- Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 04/10/2021 12:35:42 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/290430 INFORMATION TO USERS This material was produced from a microfilm copy of the original document. While the most advanced technological means to photograph and reproduce this document have been used, the quality is heavily dependent upon the quality of the original submitted. 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University Microfilms International 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 USA St. John's Road, Tyler's Green High Wycombe, Bucks, England HP10 8HR I 77-15,352 BRONITSKY, Gordon Jay, 1949- AN ECOLOGICAL MDDEL OF TRADE: PREHISTORIC ECONOMIC CHANGE IN TOE NORTHERN RIO GRANDE REGION OF NEW MEXICO. The University of Arizona, Ph.D., 1977 Anthropology, archaeology Xerox University Microfilms f Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 @ 1977 GORDON JAY BRONITSKY ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ECOLOGICAL MODEL OF TRADE: PREHISTORIC ECONOMIC CHANGE IN THE NORTHERN RIO GRANDE REGION OF NEW MEXICO by Gordon Jay Bronitsky A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the DEPARTMENT OF ANTHROPOLOGY In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 19 7 7 Copyright 197 7 Gordon Jay Bronitsky THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA GRADUATE COLLEGE I hereby recommend that this dissertation prepared under my direction by Gordon Jay Bronitsky . entitled An Ecological Model of Trade: Prehistoric Economic Change in the Northern Rio Grande Region of New Mexi.no be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy /A -/Mfr sertation Director Date After inspection of the final copy of the dissertation, the following members of the Final Examination Committee concur in its approval and recommend its acceptance:"" K>lL4/' (/itl/LQ-^/t •a//•//?> cX//c-/'y? This approval and acceptance is contingent on the candidate's adequate performance and defense of this dissertation at the final oral examination. The inclusion of this sheet bound into the library copy of the dissertation is evidence of satisfactory performance at the final examination. STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This dissertation has been submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for an advanced degree at The University of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the Library. Brief quotations from this dissertation are allowable without special permission, provided that accurate acknowledgment of source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the copyright holder. SIGNED ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This research owes its information and inspiration to many people. Dr. Florence Ellis of the University of New Mexico helped make me aware of the vast diversity of the archeology and ethnology of the American Southwest and of the importance of contacts among groups in its history. My interest in trade owes a great deal to discussions with Dr. William Rathje and Jerry Schaefer of The University of Arizona. Thanks are also due to Nancy Hamblin for her help with the faunal analysis. The members of my preliminary and dissertation committees deserve a special thanks for helping clarify many of the concepts outlined herein—Drs. Robert Netting, William A. Longacre, William Rathje, Gwinn Vivian, Keith Basso, and Jeffrey Dean. The many comments and criticisms offered by Drs. Basso and Dean were espe­ cially appreciated. Most importantly Bill Rathje's friend­ ship was a highlight of my graduate career. The School of American Research provided me with a summer in Santa Fe which facilitated recording of much of the data presented in this study. I am especially grateful to its director, Douglass Schwartz, for allowing me to use the data from his excavations at Arroyo Hondo Pueblo. His staff of Dick Lang, Tamsin Venn, Ann Palkovich, Christopher Causey, John Beals, and Lawrence Linford constantly put iii iv themselves at my disposal, making their unpublished reports available and taking time to answer a seemingly endless series of questions and discuss their own work. Similarly, the Museum of New Mexico helped provide data and their staff, especially Stewart Peckham and Betty Toulouse, were always ready to help in any way possible. Interpretation of the information from Cuyamungue Pueblo was furthered by Dr. Fred Wendorf of Southern Methodist University who made available his unpublished excavation notes and maps. Carol Margolies and Jeff Neff of the computer facilities of the Anthropology Department of the University of Arizona helped me wend my way through the mysteries of computer programming and rescued me from innumerable dumps and error printouts. The statistical treatment used in this study benefited considerably from discussions with Ed Gaines and Al Humphreys, biometricians at the School of Medicine of The University of Arizona. Four people deserve both thanks and love. Mrs. Dorothy Caranchini, Graduate Secretary of the Department of Anthropology, was a real friend during my graduate existence who singlehandedly kept me from being overwhelmed by forms and red tape. My parents, Jacob and Hedwig Bronitsky, have always encouraged my interest in anthropology and maintained confidence in my work and potential, even when I lacked it. In the absence of financial support from other sources, their aid in a very real sense made this work possible. And V finally, my wife Janet endured the manic-depressive aspects of dissertation research and writing, and summers and weekends filled with statistical computations and endless writing, and more. To these people, this research is dedicated. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF TABLES viii LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS xiii ABSTRACT xiv CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION 1 II. A HISTORICAL REVIEW 4 III. THE ECOLOGICAL MODEL 7 0 IV. THE TRADE MODEL 9 6 Initial Hypotheses and Methodology 96 Demographic Hypotheses 98 Hypotheses of Technological Innovation . 100 Access Minimization Hypothesis 104 Methodology 106 Pindi Pueblo 109 Hypotheses of Technological Innovation , 112 Rescheduling Hypothesis 113 Access Minimization Hypothesis 116 Cuyamungue Pueblo . 128 Native Name 132 Population Growth .... 133 Hypotheses of Technological Innovation . 133 Rescheduling Hypothesis ........ 134 Access Minimization Hypothesis . , « . 134 Arroyo Hondo Pueblo ..... 144 Native Name 148 Population Growth 148 Population Density 148 Hypotheses of Technological Innovation . 14 9 Rescheduling Hypothesis 150 Access Minimization Hypothesis 153 General Evaluation of the Trade Model ... 182 vi vii TABLE OF CONTENTS—Continued Page V. STANDARDIZATION AND COST REDUCTION 187 Standardization Hypothesis 191 Central Goods Hypothesis 196 Religious Center Hypothesis 198 Pindi Pueblo 200 Bone Awl Data . 200 Other Bone Tool Data 209 Chipped Stone Tool Data 209 Nonlocal Goods Data 214 Religious Center Hypothesis ...... 215 Cuyamungue Pueblo 220 Bone Awl Data 220 Other Bone Tool Data 226 Chipped Stone Tool Data . 226 Nonlocal Goods Data 226 Religious Center Hypothesis ...... 227 Arroyo Hondo Pueblo 227 Bone Awl Data 230 Other Bone Tool Data 238 Chipped Stone Tool Data 242 Nonlocal Goods Data 252 Religious Center Hypothesis 255 Kiva Data 256 General Evaluation of the Hypotheses of Standardization and Cost Reduction .... 262 VI. BANKING 268 Arroyo Hondo Pueblo 27 3 Energy Implication 273 Damage Implication 275 Context Implication 276 VII. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 280 Information 280 Museum Collections 28 3 Ecology and Archeology 285 APPENDIX A, CODING FORMS AND KEYS 289 APPENDIX B. SUMMARY OF MORTUARY GOODS, ARROYO HONDO PUEBLO 321 REFERENCES 329 LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1. Bone Debris, Pindi Pueblo 120 2. Bone Awls, Pindi Pueblo 121 3. Bone Ornaments, Pindi Pueblo 123 4. Hollow Bone Tubes, Pindi Pueblo 123 5. Stone Pendants, Pindi Pueblo . , 126 6. General Trade Model Test Results, Pindi Pueblo . 127 7. Worked Sherd Ceramic Types, Cuyamungue Pueblo . 132 8. Facilities per Total Rooms, Cuyamungue Pueblo . 136 9. Facility Types per Total Rooms, Cuyamungue Pueblo 136 10. Bone Awls, Cuyamungue Pueblo 138 11.