Cambridge University Press 0521791057 - Language in South Africa Edited by Rajend Mesthrie Frontmatter More information Language in South Africa This is a comprehensive and wide-ranging guide to language and society in South Africa. As the authors demonstrate, the South African context offers a treasure trove of data and examples for linguistic and sociolinguistic study. The book surveys the most important language groupings in the region in terms of pre-colonial and colonial history; contact between the different language varieties, leading to language loss, pidginisation, creolisation and new mixed varieties; language and public policy issues associated with the transition to a post-apartheid society and its eleven official languages. It details the history of indigenous languages, the impact of European languages upon them and of transformations to the European languages themselves. Written by a team of leading researchers, all the chapters are informed by the importance of sociopolitical history in understanding questions of language. The book will be welcomed by students and researchers in language and linguistics, sociology, anthropology and social history. Rajend Mesthrie is Professor of Linguistics at the University of Cape Town. He has researched and published extensively on a range of contact phenomena in South Africa. Recent publications include English in Language Shift (1992), Introducing Sociolinguistics (with J. Swann, A. Deumert and W. Leap, 2000), and the Concise Encyclopedia of Sociolinguistics (ed., 2001). © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 0521791057 - Language in South Africa Edited by Rajend Mesthrie Frontmatter More information Language in South Africa Edited by Rajend Mesthrie University of Cape Town © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 0521791057 - Language in South Africa Edited by Rajend Mesthrie Frontmatter More information published by the press syndicate of the university of cambridge The Pitt Building, Trumpington Street, Cambridge, United Kingdom cambridge university press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 2RU, UK 40 West 20th Street, New York, NY 10011-4211, USA 477 Williamstown Road, Port Melbourne, VIC 3207, Australia Ruiz de Alarc´on13, 28014 Madrid, Spain Dock House, The Waterfront, Cape Town 8001, South Africa http://www.cambridge.org C Cambridge University Press 2002 This book is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published 2002 This is a thoroughly revised and updated version of Language and Social History first published in 1995 by David Philip Publishers (Pty) Ltd C Rajend Mesthrie and the authors Printed in the United Kingdom at the University Press, Cambridge Typeface Times 10/12 pt System LATEX2ε [TB] A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 0 521 79105 7 hardback African edition ISBN 0 521 53383 X © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 0521791057 - Language in South Africa Edited by Rajend Mesthrie Frontmatter More information Contents List of maps page viii List of contributors ix Acknowledgements xi List of phonetic symbols xiii List of abbreviations xv Introduction 1 Part I The main language groupings 1 South Africa: a sociolinguistic overview 11 r. mesthrie 2 The Khoesan Languages 27 a. traill 3 The Bantu languages: sociohistorical perspectives 50 robert k. herbert and richard bailey 4 Afrikaans: considering origins 79 paul t. roberge 5 South African English 104 roger lass 6 South African Sign Language: one language or many? 127 debra aarons and philemon akach 7 German speakers in South Africa 148 elizabeth de kadt 8 Language change, survival, decline: Indian languages in South Africa 161 r. mesthrie v © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 0521791057 - Language in South Africa Edited by Rajend Mesthrie Frontmatter More information vi Contents Part II Language contact (A) Pidginisation, borrowing, switching and intercultural contact 9 Fanakalo: a pidgin in South Africa 179 ralph adendorff 10 Mutual lexical borrowings among some languages of southern Africa: Xhosa, Afrikaans and English 199 william branford and j. s. claughton 11 Code-switching, mixing and convergence in Cape Town 216 k. mccormick 12 Code-switching in South African townships 235 s. slabbert and r. finlayson 13 Intercultural miscommunication in South Africa 258 j. keith chick (B) Gender, language change and shift 14 Women’s language of respect: isihlonipho sabafazi 279 r. finlayson 15 The sociohistory of clicks in Southern Bantu 297 robert k. herbert 16 The political economy of language shift: language and gendered ethnicity in a Thonga community 316 robert k. herbert (C) New varieties of English 17 From second language to first language: Indian South African English 339 r. mesthrie 18 Black South African English 356 vivian de klerk and david gough (D) New urban codes 19 The lexicon and sociolinguistic codes of the working-class Afrikaans-speaking Cape Peninsula coloured community 381 gerald l. stone 20 An Introduction to Flaaitaal (or Tsotsitaal) 398 k. d. p. makhudu © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 0521791057 - Language in South Africa Edited by Rajend Mesthrie Frontmatter More information Contents vii 21 Language and language practices in Soweto 407 dumisani krushchev ntshangase Part III Language planning, policy and education 22 Language planning and language policy: past, present and future 419 t. g. reagan 23 Language issues in South African education: an overview 434 sarah murray 24 Recovering multilingualism: recent language-policy developments 449 kathleen heugh Index 476 © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 0521791057 - Language in South Africa Edited by Rajend Mesthrie Frontmatter More information Maps 1.1 Political map of South Africa of the late nineteenth century 19 1.2 Provinces of South Africa 1910–94 20 1.3 The provinces of present-day South Africa 21 2.1 South Africa c.1960, showing places cited in chapter 2 28 3.1 Present-day range of Bantu languages 51 3.2 Guthrie’s language ‘zones’ (1967–71) 52 3.3 Distribution of African linguistic phyla 53 3.4 Guthrie’s Eastern–Western Bantu division 58 3.5 Sotho-Tswana and Nguni migrations 64 7.1 South Africa, showing places cited in chapter 7 149 8.1 The languages and dialects of India 162 8.2 Areas of origin of North Indian immigrants to Natal, and 167 principal dialects 15.1 Present distribution of Southern Bantu languages 298 15.2 Map of Southern Africa showing the estimated admixture 304 of Khoisan peoples by frequency of Gm 16.1 Distribution of Tsonga-speaking peoples in South Africa 317 16.2 Distribution of African languages, Ingwavuma district 318 highlighted 16.3a Domain of the Thonga language 322 16.3b Domain of the Thonga language 323 16.4 Fieldwork sites in the eastern Ingwavuma district 327 20.1 Townships in the PWV (now Gauteng) area during the era 400 of apartheid viii © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 0521791057 - Language in South Africa Edited by Rajend Mesthrie Frontmatter More information Contributors Debra Aarons Vivian de Klerk Department of General Linguistics Department of Linguistics University of Stellenbosch Rhodes University Ralph Adendorff Rosalie Finlayson Department of Linguistics Department of African Languages University of Natal, Durban University of South Africa Philemon Akach David Gough Unit for Language Facilitation and School of Languages Empowerment Christchurch Polytechnic University of the Free State Richard Bailey Robert K. Herbert Department of Speech Therapy Department of Anthropology University of Durban-Westville State University of New York William Branford Kathleen Heugh c/o Department of Linguistics Project for Alternative Education in University of Cape Town South Africa University of Cape Town J. Keith Chick Department of Linguistics Roger Lass University of Natal, Durban Department of Linguistics University of Cape Town John S. Claughton Department of African Languages Khekheti D. Makhudu Rhodes University SABC Group Communications Elizabeth de Kadt Kay McCormick Department of Europe Studies Department of Linguistics University of Natal, Durban University of Cape Town ix © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 0521791057 - Language in South Africa Edited by Rajend Mesthrie Frontmatter More information x List of contributors Rajend Mesthrie Paul T. Roberge Department of Linguistics and Department of Germanic Studies Southern African Languages University of North Carolina University of Cape Town Sarah Slabbert Sarah Murray Honorary Research Associate Department of Education Modern Languages Rhodes University University of the Witwatersrand Dumisani K. Ntshangase Gerald L. Stone Centre for University Learning independent researcher and Teaching University of the Witwatersrand Anthony T. Traill Department of Linguistics T. G. Reagan University of the Witwatersrand School of Education University of Connecticut © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 0521791057 - Language in South Africa Edited by Rajend Mesthrie Frontmatter More information Acknowledgements Thanks are due to the following: The University of Cape Town Research Committee for a grant which covered