September 2002 • NREL/TP-620-31622 Power Technologies Data Book Compiled by L. Goldstein Prepared under Task No. AS61.2040 National Renewable Energy Laboratory 1617 Cole Boulevard Golden, Colorado 80401-3393 NREL is a U.S. Department of Energy Laboratory Operated by Midwest Research Institute • Battelle • Bechtel Contract No. DE-AC36-99-GO10337 NOTICE This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States government. Neither the United States government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States government or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States government or any agency thereof. Available electronically at http://www.osti.gov/bridge Available for a processing fee to U.S. Department of Energy and its contractors, in paper, from: U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information P.O. Box 62 Oak Ridge, TN 37831-0062 phone: 865.576.8401 fax: 865.576.5728 email: [email protected] Available for sale to the public, in paper, from: U.S. Department of Commerce National Technical Information Service 5285 Port Royal Road Springfield, VA 22161 phone: 800.553.6847 fax: 703.605.6900 email: [email protected] online ordering: http://www.ntis.gov/ordering.htm Printed on paper containing at least 50% wastepaper, including 20% postconsumer waste Table of Contents 1.0 Program Profiles Integrated Biomass R&D Geothermal Technology Development Hydrogen Research Hydropower Solar Energy Wind Energy Systems High Temperature Superconductivity R&D Distributed Energy Resources 2.0 Technology Profiles Biopower Geothermal Concentrating Solar Power Photovoltaics Wind Hydrogen Advanced Hydropower Solar Buildings Reciprocating Engines Microturbines Fuel Cells Batteries Advanced Energy Storage Superconducting Power Technology Thermally Activated Technologies 3.0 Electricity Restructuring 3.1 States with Competitive Electricity Markets 3.2 States with System Benefit Charges (SBC) 3.3 States with Renewable Portfolio Standards (RPS) 3.4 States with Net Metering Policies 3.5 States with Environmental Disclosure Policies 3.6 States with Competitive Green Power Offerings 3.7 State with Utility Green-Pricing Programs 3.8 State Incentive Programs 3.9 Federal Incentives – Renewable Energy Production Incentive – Project Summary 3.10 Federal Incentives – Renewable Energy Production Incentive – BioPower (open loop) Project Summary 4.0 OPT Forecasts/Comparisons 4.1 Projections of Renewable Electricity Net Capacity 4.2 Projections of Renewable Electricity Net Generation 4.3 Projections of Renewable Electricity Carbon Dioxide Emissions Savings 5.0 Electricity Supply 5.1 Primary and Delivered Energy Overview 5.2 Electricity Flow Diagram 5.3 Electricity Overview 5.4 Consumption of Fossil Fuels by Electric Generators 5.5 Fossil Fuel Generation by Age of Generating Units 5.6 Nuclear Generation by Age of Generating Units 5.7 Renewable Energy Generating Capacity 5.8 Electric Power Sector Energy Consumption 5.9 Number of Utilities by Class of Ownership and Nonutilities 5.10 Top 10 Investor-Owned utilities 5.11 Top 10 Independent Power Producers Worldwide (2001) 5.12 Utility Mergers and Acquisitions 5.13a North American Electric Reliability Council (NERC) Map 5.13b Census Regions Map 6.0 Electricity Capability 6.1 Electric Power Sector Net Summer Capability 6.2 Electric Utility Net Summer Capability 6.3 Nonutility Power Producer Net Summer Capability 6.4 Regional Peak Loads 6.5 Electric Generator Cumulative Additions and Retirements 6.6 Combined Heat and Power Capability 6.7 Transmission and Distribution Circuit Miles 7.0 Electricity Generation 7.1 Electricity Net Generation 7.2 Net Generation at Utilities 7.3 Electricity Generation by Nonutilities 7.4 Generation and Transmission/Distribution Losses 7.5 Electricity Trade 8.0 Electricity Demand 8.1 Electricity Sales 8.2 Demand Side Management 8.3 Electricity Sales, Revenue, and Consumption by Census Division and State (2000) 9.0 Prices 9.1 Price of Fuels Delivered to Electric Generators 9.2 Prices of Electricity Sold 9.3 Revenue from Electric Utility Retail Sales by Sector 9.4 Revenue from Sales to Ultimate Consumers by Sector, Census Division, and State (2000) 9.5 Production, Operation, and Maintenance Expenses for Major U.S. Investor-Owned and Publicly Owned Utilities 9.5a Operation and Maintenance Expenses for Major U.S. Investor-Owned Electric Utilities 9.5b Operation and Maintenance Expenses for Major U.S. Publicly Owned Generator and Nongenerator Electric Utilities 9.6 Environmental Compliance Equipment Costs 10.0 Economic Indicators 10.1 Consumer Price Estimates for Energy Purchases 10.2 Economy Wide Indicators 10.3 Composite Statements of Income for Major U.S. Publicly Owned Generator and Investor-Owned Electric Utilities (1999) 11.0 Environmental Indicators 11.1 Emissions from Electricity Generators 11.2 Installed Nameplate Capacity of Utility Steam-Electric Generators with Environmental Equipment 11.3 EPA-Forecasted Nitrogen Oxide, Sulfur Dioxide and Mercury Emissions from Electric Generators 11.4 Market Price Indices for Emissions Trading in the South Coast Air-Quality Management District 11.5 Origin of 2000 Allowable SO2 Emissions Levels 12.0 Conversion Factors 12.1 Renewable Energy Impacts Calculation 12.2 Number of Home Electricity Needs Met Calculation 12.3 Coal Displacement Calculation 12.31 National SO2 and Heat Input Data 12.32 SO2, NOx, CO2 Emission Factors for Coal-Fired and Noncoal-Fired Title IV Affected Units 12.33 Sulfur Dioxide, Nitrogen Oxide, and Carbon Dioxide Emission Factors (1999) 12.4 Global Warming Potentials (GWP) 12.5 Approximate Heat Content of Selected Fuels for Electric Power Generation 12.6 Approximate Heat Rates for Electricity 12.7 Heating Degree Days by Month 12.8 Cooling Degree Days by Month 13.0 Q&As Crosscutting Biopower Distributed Energy Resources Geothermal Hydrogen Solar Wind Other 1.0 Program Profiles Integrated Biomass R&D Mission-Supporting Goals and Objectives The EE Integrated Biomass R&D subprogram includes Biopower Systems and Biofuels Energy Systems in the Energy and Water Development Appropriations Bill and the Agriculture Vision of the Future, Black Liquor Gasification, and portions of the Forest Products Vision in Interior and Related Agencies Appropriations Bill. These programs collectively support the Biomass R&D Act of 2000 by providing baseload renewable electricity, transportation fuel options, and industrial products and chemicals that offer a choice for substantial environmental benefits and national energy security. These efforts result in technologies that work toward industrial biorefineries, which will make biomass energy and products competitive with conventional fossil-based options. Integrated Biomass R&D, in partnership with industry, will assist in the development of an integrated biomass industry. This will be accomplished through the utilization of biopower technologies that are clean, reliable, and competitive with conventional power systems; and research, development, and validation of technologies that will reduce reliance on imported transportation fuels and chemical feedstocks. When successful, these technologies will promote rural economic development, reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and provide for productive utilization of agricultural residues and segregated municipal solid wastes. The Integrated Biomass R&D subprogram is in the process of making a major transition to become more cohesive and focused on some areas, while de-emphasizing other elements that are either deemed a lower program priority or should be performed by some other agency with a strong interest in biomass – such as the Department of Agriculture (USDA) and DOE’s Offices of Science and Fossil Energy. EE biomass vision and roadmap documents have been drafted, a Biomass Technical Advisory Committee has been in place more than a year, and an EE Coordination Office is working closely with its counterparts at USDA. A high-level EE Bio- Board also has been established and has taken a leadership role in reorienting the biomass programs previously administered along end-use sector lines under Transportation Technologies, Power Technologies, and Industrial Technologies. This FY 2003 budget request is the culmination of efforts from all of these committees with final decisions at the corporate EE level made by managing EE Bio-Board. As a result, R&D priorities and project funding have been grouped into the areas of feedstock production, gasification, fuels and chemicals, processing and conversion, and crosscutting technologies. While the FY 2003 budget request is presented along the existing budget categories, it will likely change in FY 2004 to better reflect a more integrated framework. The Draft Biobased Products and Bioenergy Roadmap has been used by the EE Bio-Board to prioritize R&D activities for FY 2003. Feedstock research supported by DOE focuses on preconversion “in-field” processing of feedstocks to improve