Psyc 390 – Psychology of Learning Operant Conditioning In CC, the focus is on the two stimuli. In Instrumental Conditioning, the focus is on Operant Conditioning the S and how it affects the response. In Operant co nditio ning, what fo llo ws the response is the most important. Psychology 390 That is, the consequent stimulus. Psychology of Learning R – S Steven E. Meier, Ph.D. Thus, you have a Stimulus that causes a Respo nse, which is in turn fo llo wed, by a Listen to the audio lecture while viewing these slides consequent stimulus. 1 2 Psyc 390 – Psychology of Learning Psyc 390 – Psychology of Learning Differences Between Instrumental and Skinner Operant Conditioning Radical Behaviorism • Instrumental • Probably the most important applied • The environment constrains the opportunity psychologist. for reward. • Principles have been used in everything • A specific behavio r is required fo r the reward. • Medicine •Education •Operant • A specific response is required for •Therapy reinforcement. •Business • The frequency of responding determines the amount of reinforcement given. 3 4 Psyc 390 – Psychology of Learning Psyc 390 – Psychology of Learning Distinguished Between Two Types of Responses. Respondents • Respondents • Are elicited by a UCS •Operants • Are innate • Are regulated by the autonomic NS HR, BP, etc. • Are involuntary • Are classically conditioned. 5 6 1 Psyc 390 – Psychology of Learning Psyc 390 – Psychology of Learning Systematically Demonstrated Operants Several Things • Are emitted If something occurs after the response • Are skeletal (consequent stimulus) and the behavior • Are voluntary increases, • Get lots of feedback The procedure is called reinforcement, and the thing that caused the increase is called a reinforcer. 7 8 Psyc 390 – Psychology of Learning Psyc 390 – Psychology of Learning Systematically Demonstrated Systematically Demonstrated Several Things Several Things If something occurs after the response SO REINFORCERS ALWAYS INCREASE A (consequent stimulus) and the behavior BEHAVIOR decreases, AND PUNISHERS ALWAYS DECREASE A The procedure is called punishment, BEHAVIOR. and the thing that caused a decrease is THERE ARE NO EXCEPTIONS. called a punisher. 9 10 Psyc 390 – Psychology of Learning Two types of Reinforcers and Punishers. • The difference occurs due to whether you add or remove something. • If you add something following a response = positive • If you remove something following a response = negative • Positive does not mean good: • Negative does not mean bad. 11 2.