THE APPLICATION OF SUSTAINABILITY CONCEPT IN WATERSHED MANAGEMENT (Case Study: Serayu Watershed, Central Java, Indonesia) THESIS A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Master Degree from the Institut Teknologi Bandung and the Master Degree from the University of Groningen by: YONKY INDRAJAYA ITB : 25404048 RUG : S 1578367 DOUBLE MASTER DEGREE PROGRAMME DEVELOPMENT PLANNING AND INFRASTRUCTURE MANAGEMENT DEPARTMENT OF REGIONAL AND CITY PLANNING INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI BANDUNG AND ENVIRONMENTAL AND INFRASTRUCTURE PLANNING FACULTY OF SPATIAL SCIENCES UNIVERSITY OF GRONINGEN 2006 THE APPLICATION OF SUSTAINABILITY CONCEPT IN WATERSHED MANAGEMENT (Case Study: Serayu Watershed, Central Java, Indonesia) by YONKY INDRAJAYA ITB : 25404048 RUG : S 1578367 Double Master Degree Programme Development Planning and Infrastructure Management Department of Regional and City Planning Institut Teknologi Bandung and Environmental and Infrastructure Planning Faculty of Spatial Sciences University of Groningen Approved Supervisors Date: August, 2006 Supervisor I Supervisor II ( Dr. Johan Woltjer ) (Dr. Roos Akbar) ii ABSTRACT THE APPLICATION OF SUSTAINABILITY CONCEPT IN WATERSHED MANAGEMENT (Case Study: Serayu Watershed, Central Java, Indonesia) This research is about applying both sustainability concept and watershed management concept in a certain area. Sustainability as a fuzzy concept is translated into indicators as a tool for assessment. Watershed management is a buzz word in managing the water recently, which integrates not only policies, programs, and projects vertically, but also horizontally. This research uses the combination method the case study and literature study method. The literature study develops appropriate indicators for assessment, while case study provides variable to be analyzed. The research found that the criteria for assessing sustainable watershed management are: environment, social, economic and institutional. The indicators selected are: budget allocation on environment, agricultural and forest area, water quantity and quality (environment); poverty level, education level, and population growth (social); GDP per capita, economic structure, and economic growth (economic); and existence of national strategy on sustainable development, clear job division from all stakeholders, and the agreement among stakeholders (institutional). In general, Serayu watershed management plan has not fully fulfilled sustainability concept based on the indicators defined. But, there are strong efforts toward it. Keywords: sustainability, watershed, management, criteria & indicators, Serayu iii PREFACE Water, as a resource is essential for living things and need an appropriate management approach. In the past, water is managed sectorally without considering other aspects. Nowadays, the new perspective of water management combining environment, social, and economic is used. This perspective is in line with sustainable development discourse, which concerns on long term environment, social, and economic stability. The research focuses on the applying both sustainability and watershed management in one specific area. First of all, I would like to thank to Allah SWT for blessing me with the health and opportunity to continue my study in ITB and RUG. Without his blessing, it is impossible to do everything. I would like to thank to my supervisors Mr. Johan Woltjer from University of Groningen (RUG) and Mr. Roos Akbar from Institute of Technology Bandung (ITB) for your kindness, patience, challenging comments, and intensive discussion during the process of my thesis writing. I also would like to thank to the Dean Mr Gerald Linden and the course manager Mr Paul Ike for their help during the study. In addition, I would like to express my fully appreciation for the Indonesian National Planning Board (Bappenas) and the Netherlands Education Center (NEC) for giving me the opportunity continuing my study in ITB and RUG. Also, I would like to thank to all my colleagues in Faculty of Geography and Faculty of Forestry in Gadjah Mada University Yogyakarta and my office Watershed Management Technology Center Surakarta for your help in supporting the materials for this thesis. Special thanks for my lovely wife Ratna and my lovely daughter Zahra for your love, hope, patience, and support during my study in Groningen. Finally, I would like to thank to all my friends in double degree program ITB- RUG 04 for the nice experiences in the last two years. iv Table of Contents ABSTRACT........................................................................................................................................III PREFACE...........................................................................................................................................IV TABLE OF CONTENTS.................................................................................................................... V LIST OF TABLES ..........................................................................................................................VIII LIST OF FIGURES ...........................................................................................................................IX CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................... 1 1.1 BACKGROUND ................................................................................................................1 Current discourse ....................................................................................................................1 Case of Indonesia ....................................................................................................................3 Research Problem ...................................................................................................................4 1.2 RESEARCH OBJECTIVES ..................................................................................................4 1.3 RESEARCH QUESTIONS ...................................................................................................5 1.4 SCOPE OF STUDY ............................................................................................................5 1.5 METHODOLOGY ..............................................................................................................5 1.6 STRUCTURE ....................................................................................................................6 CHAPTER 2 SUSTAINABILITY AND WATER MANAGEMENT ........................................ 7 2.1 SUSTAINABILITY CONCEPT .............................................................................................7 Discourse on Sustainability Concept and Sustainable Development ......................................7 Ecological Aspect of Sustainability .........................................................................................8 Social Aspect of Sustainability ................................................................................................8 Economic Aspect of Sustainability...........................................................................................9 Institutional Aspect of Sustainability.......................................................................................9 2.2 WATERSHED MANAGEMENT.........................................................................................10 World Discourse on Water Management ..............................................................................10 Watershed Management ........................................................................................................12 Watershed Institution.............................................................................................................13 Watershed Management Planning.........................................................................................14 2.3 SUSTAINABILITY CONCEPT IN WATER MANAGEMENT..................................................14 Integrated Water Resource Management (IWRM) ................................................................14 2.4 THE APPLICATION OF SUSTAINABILITY CONCEPT ON WATERSHED MANAGEMENT IN SOME COUNTRIES .......................................................................................................................16 United States..........................................................................................................................16 Europe ...................................................................................................................................17 Mexico ...................................................................................................................................18 2.5 CONCLUDING REMARKS ...............................................................................................19 CHAPTER 3 SUSTAINABILITY ASSESSMENT AND INDICATORS OF SUSTAINABLE WATERSHED MANAGEMENT........................................................................ 21 3.1 SUSTAINABILITY ASSESSMENT .....................................................................................21 3.2 DEVELOPING INDICATORS OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT........................................23 The Framework for Sustainable Development Indicators (EU) ............................................27 Requirements for Developing Indicators of Sustainable Development .................................27 3.3 SUSTAINABILITY INDICATORS IN WATERSHED MANAGEMENT.....................................28