USE-iT WP4 – Powering Transport CONCEPT 1: Improving fuel efficiency CONCEPT 2: Alternative fuels CONCEPT 3: Energy harvesting Fuel cell vehicles using hydrogen (Brecher et al. (2014) Photovoltaic sound barriers (Ghavanni & Theander, 2015) Vehicle platooning (Wucathy, 2012) Dual power locomotives Battery electric vehicles (BEVs) Water and wind micro‐generation Nanomaterials Inclusion in asphalt increases durability so Reducing the weight of vehicles/aircrafts Wide‐base single tyres (HGV) A hybrid electro‐diesel locomotive that Powered by electricity stored in batteries Installation of micro wind or hydro that less maintenance is required. Use of lighter materials such as graphene A tyre for HGVs, which is lighter and has utilises an on‐board rechargeable energy or an electric motor connected to a turbines to transport infrastructure such as • Benefits to reduce steel content, or as a lower rolling resistance compared to dual storage system. transmission. gantries to generate electricity. Reduced maintenance costs reinforcement in concrete in place of steel. tyres. • Benefits • Benefits • Benefits • Barriers • Benefits • Benefits Improved fuel efficiency Reduced local air pollution Low operational costs and potential for Further development is required Reduced fuel costs Reduces noise • Barriers • Barriers retrofitting of technology • Barriers • Barriers Further development required High vehicle costs and lack of charging • Barriers Increased vehicle/infrastructure cost Legislation may not permit their use infrastructure Constrained by local conditions Fuel cell electric vehicles Graphene‐assisted energy storage Powertrain technologies for HGVs Enhanced aerodynamics Graphene photovoltaic application Fuel cells generate electricity from Examples include graphene‐based fuel Improvements to engines, transmission Vehicle designs which reduce drag. For DC‐Electrified Railway Systems – Use of high conductivity material in hydrogen which can be stored on‐board cells, hydrogen storage and graphene‐ etc. that improve fuel efficiency. Examples example teardrop trailers for HGVs. Regenerative Braking photovoltaic cells for energy harvesting. after refuelling. assisted Li‐Ion batteries. include heat recovery systems, automated • Benefits Mechanism that converts kinetic energy • Benefits • Benefits • Benefits manual transmission, flywheels, hybrid, Existing technology from braking activities into an energy Reduced emissions and reliance on fossil Improved air quality Reduced reliance on fossil fuels stop‐start electric and pneumatic boosters. • Barriers supply that can be used or stored. fuels • Barriers • Barriers • Benefits Reduced load volume • Benefits • Barriers Requires further development Further research required Reduced fuel costs High fuel efficiency rates Further development required • Barriers • Barriers On‐board Aircraft Ground Propulsion Some technologies require further Further development required Systems development The use of integrated systems; for example Biofuels (1st and 2nd generation) Hybrid technology additional electrical motors integrated into Examples include bio‐diesel, bio‐ethanol Combination of standard internal Photovoltaic applications wheels of the landing gear. and biogas . combustion engines running on Propulsion improving devices (ships) Embedding photovoltaic technologies into Harvesting energy from rail systems • Benefits • Benefits petrol/diesel with an electric drivetrain Devices fitted to the propeller, hull or infrastructure such as noise barriers or to Examples include harvesting of ambient Less noise and risk of damage by debris New infrastructure or vehicles not required motor. rudder of a ship to improve propulsion. power traffic signals, emergency phones vibrations and induced by metro trains. • Barriers • Barriers • Benefits • Benefits etc.. • Benefits Increased aircraft weight Sustainability of the feedstock origin Removes range anxiety Reduced fuel costs and can be retrofitted • Benefits Reduced reliance on fossil fuels • Barriers • Barriers Proven technology • Barriers Higher vehicle costs Cost of maintenance Aircraft Ground Propulsion Systems • Barriers Further research required Towing vehicles can utilise alternative High initial costs energy sources; for example, a tow‐bar‐less Integrated technology system that uses a diesel engine and Engine improvements (light duty road Examples include battery electric vehicles electrically driven wheels. vehicles) being fed by renewable energy sources. Algal and lignin‐based biofuels Phase change materials • Benefits • Benefits Novel materials that can store and release Examples include variable compression Using second and third generation biofuels Piezoelectricity Reduced noise Improved fuel efficiency heat energy in a latent form to reduce de‐ ratios, direct injection, cylinder to reduce impact on land‐use. Harvesting energy from pavements by • Barriers • Barriers icing and the emissions associated with deactivation and optimising gearboxes. • Benefits piezoelectricity. Investment in supporting infrastructure Further development required this. • Benefits Reduced reliance on fossil fuels • Benefits • Benefits Reduced fuel costs • Barriers High efficiency rates Vehicle platooning Reduction in winter service costs • Barriers Further development required • Barriers Platoons of vehicles can reduce drag • Barriers Some technologies require further Further development required development leading to relatively high fuel savings. High initial costs • Benefits Smart grids Reduced fuel costs Technology to manage electric vehicles connecting to the main grid or a local Hybrid User Forum • Barriers Thermal collection micro‐grid to recharge (or feed‐in) to A hybrid user forum for users of heavy duty GHG optimised speed control Legislative and safety barriers Bituminous paved surfaces can be used as smooth the load and reduce electricity vehicles to assess market obstacles and Green Road Concept Predicative cruise control which calculates thermal collectors, with fluid containing costs. real‐world expectations and experience Implementation of multiple energy optimum speed to minimise fuel Single‐engine taxiing pipes integrated into the pavement. • Benefits through workshops. harvesting technologies to create a consumption based on road conditions. Not using all engines to taxi prior to take‐ • Benefits Smoother load to the network • Benefits sustainable road. • Benefits off and after landing. Potential to extend life of pavement by • Barriers Improved awareness of hybrid • Benefits Improved air quality • Benefits regulating temperature. Battery technology, regulatory frameworks technologies Integrated approach maximising potential • Barriers Reduced fuel costs • Barriers • Barriers • Barriers Could increase journey times • Barriers Identification of issues and participant High cost and disruption of installing in Organisational/logistical Increased time to warm up engines for commitment existing infrastructure take‐off Left hand side – current application Technologies Infrastructure Governance Customer Mode: Rail Water Air Domain: Road Right hand side – Potential for future application.