SPRINGER BRIEFS IN APPLIED SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY POLIMI SPRINGER BRIEFS Paolo Rosa Sergio Terzi Editors New Business Models for the Reuse of Secondary Resources from WEEEs The FENIX Project SpringerBriefs in Applied Sciences and Technology PoliMI SpringerBriefs Editorial Board Barbara Pernici, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy Stefano Della Torre, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy Bianca M. Colosimo, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy Tiziano Faravelli, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy Roberto Paolucci, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy Silvia Piardi, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy More information about this subseries at http://www.springer.com/series/11159 http://www.polimi.it Paolo Rosa · Sergio Terzi Editors New Business Models for the Reuse of Secondary Resources from WEEEs The FENIX Project Editors Paolo Rosa Sergio Terzi DIG DIG Politecnico di Milano Politecnico di Milano Milan, Italy Milan, Italy ISSN 2191-530X ISSN 2191-5318 (electronic) SpringerBriefs in Applied Sciences and Technology ISSN 2282-2577 ISSN 2282-2585 (electronic) PoliMI SpringerBriefs ISBN 978-3-030-74885-2 ISBN 978-3-030-74886-9 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-74886-9 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2021. This book is an open access publication. 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This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland Preface This book summarizes the work being undertaken within the FENIX European Research Project (Grant Agreement N°: 760792, H2020-NMBP-22-2017—Busi- ness models and industrial strategies supporting novel supply chains for innovative product-services). The project aims at addressing the paradigm shift from linear to circular economy through a holistic perspective, where a set of circular business models and supply chains are demonstrated in practice in order to enhance poten- tial benefits coming from the adoption of circular practices. FENIX demonstrates and validates its circular business models on three new supply chains able to link actors from different industrial sectors under the same umbrella and having the same intent to create new, high-value, product-services starting from e-wastes. All the three business models share the same waste stream as input material and same pilot plants. Moreover, FENIX assesses, studies and validates an integrated life cycle anal- ysis (LCA) and life cycle cost (LCC) strategy, to guarantee the sustainability of the proposed business models. The book covers many topics, since FENIX really involved several issues related with circular economy, industry 4.0 and product-service systems. Chapter 1 introduces the main research contents and provides an overview on FENIX objectives. Chapter 2 focuses on circular business models (CBMs). It describes the whole process implemented by FENIX partners to assess, identify, select and adopt the CBMs to be validated and demonstrated within the project. It also shows the main results from each stage. Chapter 3 describes the circular economy performance assessment (CEPA) methodology. This methodology will be adopted to quantify the circularity level of each business model selected in FENIX. Chapter 4 presents a semi-automated assembly–disassembly pilot plant. This pilot has been exploited in FENIX to disassemble both smartphone-shaped toys and real printed circuit boards (PCBs) extracted from smartphones. Chapter 5 describes a mobile pilot plant for the recovery of precious and critical raw materials from e-wastes. This pilot has been exploited in FENIX to recover secondary raw materials from PCBs through a hydrometallurgical process. v vi Preface Chapter 6 focuses on an innovative direct ink writing (DIW)-based additive manu- facturing process. This process has been exploited in FENIX to reuse secondary materials from e-wastes as green materials for additive manufacturing processes. Chapter 7 relates with a methodology aimed at carrying out the life cycle perfor- mance assessment of selected business models. For each of them, the methodology assesses economic, environmental and social impacts related with identified circular supply chains. Chapter 8 presents a decision-support system for the digitization of circular supply chains. This system will allow a real-time interconnection among all the pilot plants involved in FENIX, by enabling a remote monitoring of their states. Chapter 9 describes the user participation and social integration through ICT technologies. In order to involve both private and industrial end users, a dedicated marketplace and a forum have been developed in FENIX. They will allow a direct relation and involvement with customers. Chapter 10 relates with the validation of the three new supply chains developed in FENIX. Here, training activities, prototyping and small-series production of finished products will be described into detail. Milan, Italy Paolo Rosa Sergio Terzi Contents 1 Introduction .................................................. 1 Paolo Rosa, Sergio Terzi, and Bernd Kopacek 2 Circular Business Models Identification ......................... 9 Paolo Rosa, Claudio Sassanelli, and Sergio Terzi 3 Circular Economy Performance Assessment ..................... 17 Roberto Rocca, Claudio Sassanelli, Paolo Rosa, and Sergio Terzi 4 Semi-automated PCB Disassembly Station ....................... 35 Simone Galparoli, Andrea Caielli, Paolo Rosa, and Sergio Terzi 5 A Mobile Pilot Plant for the Recovery of Precious and Critical Raw Materials ................................................ 49 Ionela Birloaga, Nicolo Maria Ippolito, and Francesco Vegliò 6 An Innovative (DIW-Based) Additive Manufacturing Process ..... 65 Louison Poudelet, Anna Castellví, and Laura Calvo 7 The Life Cycle Performance Assessment (LCPA) Methodology .... 81 Reinhard Ahlers 8 A Decision-Support System for the Digitization of Circular Supply Chains ................................................ 97 Dimitris Ntalaperas, Iosif Angelidis, Giorgos Vafeiadis, and Danai Vergeti 9 User Participation and Social Integration Through ICT Technologies .................................................. 109 Aristotelis Spiliotis 10 Recycling and Upcycling: FENIX Validation on Three Use Cases ........................................................ 123 Alvise Bianchin and George Smyrnakis vii Chapter 1 Introduction Paolo Rosa, Sergio Terzi, and Bernd Kopacek Abstract This chapter aims at clarifying the main research contents and presenting the main objective of the FENIX project. we briefly describe some fundamental concepts, like Circular Economy (CE), Industry 4.0 (I4.0) and Product-Service Systems (PSSs). All these contents are strictly connected in FENIX, since the project aims at demonstrating the benefits coming from the adoption of CE-related practices through a set of PSS-based business models supported by I4.0-based technologies. 1.1 Circular Economy Commonly agreed definitions of CE are those proposed by [1, 2]. First, the CE is defined as a global economic model to minimize the consumption of finite resources, by focusing on intelligent design of materials, products, and systems. Second, the CE aims at overcoming the dominant linear (e.g., take, make, and dispose) economy model (i.e., a traditional open-ended economy model developed with no built-in tendency to recycle; [3, 4]). However, only in the last few years has the relevance of the CE been amplified worldwide [5]. Before the CE was introduced, a traditional (linear) lifecycle was the only process followed during the conceptualization, design, development, use, and disposal of products [2]. Progressively, closed-loop patterns— completely focused on balancing economic, environmental, and societal impacts— have substituted old industrial practices. P. Rosa (B) · S. Terzi Department of Management, Economics and Industrial Engineering, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza L. da Vinci 32, 20133 Milan, Italy e-mail: [email protected]