MASS COMMUNICATIONS • JOURNALISM Historical Dictionaries of Professions and Industries, No. 4 Eaman Journalism, the discipline of gathering, writing, editing, and reporting news, applies to various media— including but not limited to newspapers, magazines, radio, television, and the Internet. The word jour- Historical|Dictionary|of nalist entered the language in the early 18th century to designate a new kind of writer, about a century before journalism made its appearance. Though it has varied in form, the practice gradually distinguished itself from other forms of writing by focusing on the present, taking an eyewitness perspective, and relying on everyday language. This Historical Dictionary of Journalism explores the Ross Eaman genre and its evolution over the centuries by way of JOURNALISM a chronology, an introductory essay, a bibliography, and hundreds of cross-referenced dictionary entries on different styles of journalism, different types Historical|Dictionary|of of media, and important writers and editors. JOURNALISM Ross Eaman is professor of journalism at Carleton University in Ottawa, Ontario. For orders and information please contact the publisher SCARECROW PRESS, INC. A wholly owned subsidiary of The Rowman & Littlefi eld Publishing Group, Inc. 4501 Forbes Boulevard, Suite 200 Lanham, Maryland 20706 1-800-462-6420 • fax 717-794-3803 www.scarecrowpress.com Cover photograph of the news bureau war room of the Offi ce of War Information, November 1942, © Corbis Cover design by Devin Watson HDJournalismOFFLITH.indd 1 1/9/09 1:16:04 PM HISTORICAL DICTIONARIES OF PROFESSIONS AND INDUSTRIES Jon Woronoff, Series Editor 1. Japanese Business, by Stuart D. B. Picken, 2007. 2. Fashion Industry, by Francesca Sterlacci and Joanne Arbuckle, 2008. 3. Petroleum Industry, by M. S. Vassiliou, 2009. 4. Journalism, by Ross Eaman, 2009. Historical Dictionary of Journalism Ross Eaman Historical Dictionaries of Professions and Industries, No. 4 The Scarecrow Press, Inc. Lanham, Maryland • Toronto • Plymouth, UK 2009 SCARECROW PRESS, INC. Published in the United States of America by Scarecrow Press, Inc. A wholly owned subsidiary of The Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group, Inc. 4501 Forbes Boulevard, Suite 200, Lanham, Maryland 20706 www.scarecrowpress.com Estover Road Plymouth PL6 7PY United Kingdom Copyright © 2009 by Ross Eaman All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Information Available Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Eaman, Ross Allan, 1945– Historical dictionary of journalism / Ross Eaman. p. cm. — (Historical dictionaries of professions and industries) Includes bibliographical references. ISBN-13: 978-0-8108-6075-9 (cloth : alk. paper) ISBN-10: 0-8108-6075-9 (cloth : alk. paper) ISBN-13: 978-0-8108-6289-0 (ebook) ISBN-10: 0-8108-6289-1 (ebook) 1. Journalism—History—Dictionaries. I. Title. PN4728.E37 2009 070.9—dc22 2008037829 ∞™ The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992. Manufactured in the United States of America. Contents Editor’s Foreword Jon Woronoff vii Preface ix Acronyms and Abbreviations xi Chronology xiii Introduction 1 THE DICTIONARY 55 Appendix 1: Daily Newspaper Circulation in Selected Countries 303 Appendix 2: Daily Adult Newspaper Readership in United States for Selected Years 305 Bibliography 307 About the Author 387 v Editor’s Foreword Journalism, more than most other professions, is often seen as a higher calling, since journalists are expected to dig up the facts, assemble them logically, and then present them cogently in order to provide the knowl- edge so other people can make good choices in their lives. There are lazy and incompetent journalists—and editors—and others who just want to promote their own views; but on the whole, journalists have been crucial over the past several centuries and will probably remain so well into the future, even if their work assumes new forms. Journalism is also an industry, since it costs money to produce newspapers, newsletters, and even blogs, so financial concerns enter the picture and muddy the waters. While there have been some very enlightened, pro- gressive, and even fearlessly crusading newspapers, there have also been many of lesser value, more interested in just providing entertain- ment or turning a profit. This Historical Dictionary of Journalism shows both sides of the pic- ture. The dictionary presents entries on some of the finest newspapers as well as those of lesser repute, many exceptional journalists as well as others the profession would rather forget, major advances such as in- vestigative reporting and more questionable practices such as yellow journalism, and important topics like censorship and the continuing struggle for freedom of the press. It covers a long period of time, from the very first practitioners whose news was often sung to the most re- cent whose news appears in a computerized format. Last but not least, it traces the history of journalism in a large number of countries in a lengthy chronology and then an introduction, which analyzes individual developments thematically, showing how the discursive practices of journalism have evolved within a larger political, economic, and cul- tural context. Despite the breadth of coverage, the field of journalism vii viii • EDITOR’S FOREWORD history is so large that any work of this kind can constitute only a start- ing point for further research and study, so the substantial bibliography organizes recent literature in the field to facilitate this task. This new addition to the Historical Dictionaries of Professions and Industries series was written by Ross Eaman, who has been a full-time member of faculty in the School of Journalism and Communication at Carleton University in Canada since 1980. His earlier publications in- clude The Media Society: Basic Issues and Controversies (1987) and Channels of Influence: CBC Audience Research and the Canadian Pub- lic (1994). This volume builds on his interest in communication and de- mocracy and the role of public broadcasting, but it reaches further, cov- ering the lengthy history of journalism within a global context. It also provides the wide variety of topics, issues, and considerations related to understanding journalism as an industry and profession. Jon Woronoff Series Editor Preface The story of journalism is first and most visibly a tale of changing me- dia, from ballads and chronicles to newsletters and newsbooks, news- papers and magazines, and eventually newscasts and websites. But this story begins to come alive only when the focus shifts to the texts con- veyed through those media and the way these have evolved as a form of discourse over the past five centuries. Most of the components of this discourse—the news report, the editorial, the column, the feuilleton, the interview, the photograph, the inverted pyramid, the news lead, the by- line—are familiar enough to us. But when, how, and why these compo- nents first emerged as a product of culture is more complex than we might imagine. In most cases, their genesis is tied to a cast of characters who generally nurtured and shaped rather than “invented” them. Some of these figures are well known: Daniel Defoe, Joseph Addison, Ben- jamin Franklin, James Gordon Bennett, Joseph Pulitzer, William T. Stead, Walter Lippmann, Henry Luce, and Edward R. Murrow. But many others are largely unknown: from Pietro Aretino, John Wolfe, Ben Jonson, and John Crouch in the 16th and 17th centuries to William “Memory” Woodfall, Francis Jeffrey, Faddej Bulgarin, Liang Qichao, Walter Williams, and Lillian Ross in the 18th, 19th, and 20th centuries. In several cases, these pioneers were the owners or producers of a jour- nalistic enterprise or product. But their number also includes practicing journalists, social critics of journalism, and journalism educators. Each of these groups has had an important impact on journalism as it exists today and will continue to influence its nature in accordance with its own goals and ideals. ix Acronyms and Abbreviations ABC American Broadcasting Company AEJMC Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Com- munication (U.S.) AFP Agence France-presse AIM Accuracy in Media (U.S.) ANG American Newspaper Guild ANPA American Newspaper Publishers Association AP Associated Press (U.S.) ASJMC Association of Schools of Journalism and Mass Commu- nication (U.S.) ASNE American Society of Newspaper Editors BBC British Broadcasting Corporation CBC Canadian Broadcasting Corporation CBS Columbia Broadcasting System (U.S.) CJR Columbia Journalism Review (U.S.) CPI Committee on Public Information (U.S.) CPJ Committee to Protect Journalists (New York) C-SPAN Cable Satellite Public Affairs Network (U.S.) EJC European Journalism Centre (The Netherlands) ENPA European Newspaper Publishers Association (Belgium) FCC Federal Communications Commission (U.S.) FRC Federal Radio Commission (U.S.) GIZh State Institute of Journalism (Soviet Union) Glavlit Main Administration for Literary and Publishing Affairs (Soviet Union) IAPA Inter-American Press Association (Latin America) IFJ International Federation of Journalists (Belgium) IJ Institute of Journalists (Great Britain) INA Irish