Birmingham City University How to write references Harvard Referencing Guidelines Version: 1st September 2021 Library & Learning Resources http://bit.ly/1dPJqqJ Contents Page Revisions for 1st September 2021 ......................................................................................... 1 1. Introduction ................................................................................................................. 2 1.1 Purpose of referencing ..................................................................................................... 2 1.2 Principles of referencing ................................................................................................... 2 1.3 Harvard referencing ......................................................................................................... 3 1.4 Common questions .......................................................................................................... 5 1.4.1 References with missing details .................................................................................................... 5 1.4.2 Maintaining confidentiality ........................................................................................................... 6 1.4.3 Reference list or bibliography? ...................................................................................................... 7 1.4.4 Reference management software ................................................................................................. 7 1.5 Further information ......................................................................................................... 8 2. In-text citations ............................................................................................................... 9 2.1 Citing an author's name directly in the text ....................................................................... 9 2.2 Citing an author's name indirectly in the text .................................................................... 9 2.3 Citing several sources at the same time ............................................................................ 9 2.4 Citing a source with several authors ................................................................................ 10 2.5 Citing sources by the same author(s) in different years.................................................... 11 2.6 Citing sources by the same author(s) in the same year .................................................... 11 2.7 Citing chapter authors in edited sources ......................................................................... 12 2.8 Citing institutional authors ............................................................................................. 12 2.9 Citing missing or anonymous authors.............................................................................. 13 2.10 Citations with no date or an approximate date ............................................................... 13 2.11 Including page numbers in citations ................................................................................ 14 2.12 Quoting.......................................................................................................................... 14 2.13 Citing secondary sources ................................................................................................ 16 2.14 Citing tables and figures ................................................................................................. 17 2.15 Citing Hansard ................................................................................................................ 19 2.16 Citing religious texts ....................................................................................................... 20 3. Referencing – Style Guide .............................................................................................. 21 3.1. Abbreviations................................................................................................................. 21 3.2 Capitalization ................................................................................................................. 21 3.3 Italics ............................................................................................................................. 21 3.4 Numbers ........................................................................................................................ 21 3.5 Punctuation ................................................................................................................... 22 3.6 Reference list arrangement and example ........................................................................ 23 4. Reference list data order ................................................................................................ 25 4.1 Creators ......................................................................................................................... 25 4.2 Date ............................................................................................................................... 28 4.3 Title ............................................................................................................................... 28 4.4 Medium ......................................................................................................................... 29 4.5 Edition ........................................................................................................................... 29 4.6 Subsidiary creators ......................................................................................................... 30 4.7 Place of publication and publisher .................................................................................. 31 4.8 Series ............................................................................................................................. 32 4.9 Numeration: issue information ....................................................................................... 32 4.10 Standard identifiers ........................................................................................................ 32 4.11 URL ................................................................................................................................ 32 4.12 Additional general information: size and non-Roman scripts ........................................... 33 5. Referencing: .................................................................................................................. 34 5.1 Referencing printed books and reports ........................................................................... 34 5.1.1 A printed book ............................................................................................................................. 34 5.1.2 An edited book ........................................................................................................................... 35 5.1.3 A chapter in an edited book ........................................................................................................ 36 5.1.4 A play or a poem.......................................................................................................................... 36 5.1.5 A religious text ............................................................................................................................. 37 5.1.6 A journal article ........................................................................................................................... 37 5.1.7 A magazine article ....................................................................................................................... 38 5.1.8 A printed newspaper article ........................................................................................................ 39 5.1.9 A conference proceedings ........................................................................................................... 40 5.1.10 A conference paper ..................................................................................................................... 40 5.1.11 A printed report ........................................................................................................................... 41 5.1.12 A technical report ........................................................................................................................ 41 5.1.13 A dictionary or encyclopaedia ..................................................................................................... 42 5.1.14 A dissertation or thesis ................................................................................................................ 42 5.1.15 A directory ................................................................................................................................... 43 5.2 Referencing electronic sources ....................................................................................... 44 5.2.1 An electronic book....................................................................................................................... 44 5.2.2 An online journal article .............................................................................................................. 45 5.2.3 A report ....................................................................................................................................... 47 5.2.4 A conference proceedings available online ................................................................................