NBS MONOGRAPH 35 National Bureau oX' olandards library, K.W. Bldg JUL 3 1962 Bibliography and Index on Vacuum and Low Pressure Measurement U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS THE NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS Functions and Activities The functions of the National Bureau of Standards are set forth in the Act of Congress, March 3, 1901, as amended by Congress in Public Law 619, 1950. These include the development and maintenance of the national standards of measurement and the provision of means and methods for making measurements consistent with these standards; the determination o,f physical constants and properties of materials; the development of methods and instruments for testing materials, devices, and structures; advisory services to government agencies on scien- tific and technical problems; invention and development of devices to serve special needs of the Government; and the development of standard practices, codes and specifications. The worlc includes basic and applied research, development, engineering, instrumentation, testing, evaluation, calibration services, and various consultation and information services. Research projects are also performed for other government agencies when the work relates to and supplements the basic program of the Bureau or when the Bureau's unique competence is required. The scope of activities is suggested by the listing of divisions and sections on the inside of the back cover. Publications The results of the Bureau's research are published either in the Bureau's own series of publications or in the journals of professional and scientific societies. The Bureau itself publishes three periodicals available from the Government Printing Office: The Journal of Research, published in four separate sections, presents complete scientific and technical papers; the Technical News Bulletin presents summary and preliminary reports on work in progress; and Basic Radio Propagation Predictions provides data for determining the best frequencies to use for radio communications throughout the world. There are also five series of nonperiodical publications: Mono- graphs, Applied Mathematics Series, Handbooks, Miscellaneous Publications, and Technical Notes. A complete listing of the Bureau's publications can be found in NBS Circular 460, Publications of the Na- tional Bureau of Standards, 1901 to June 1947 ($1.25), the Supplement to NBS Circular 460, July 1947 to June 1957 ($1.50), and Miscellaneous Publication 240, July 1957 to June 1960 (includes titles of papers published in outside journals 1950 to 1959) ($2.25) ; available from the Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Oflfice, Washington, D.C. UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE • Luther H. Hodges, Secretary NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS • A. V. Astin, Director Bibliography and Index on Vacuum and Low Pressure Measurement W. G. Brombacher National Bureau of Standards Monograph 35 Issued November 10, 1961 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington 25, D.C. - Price 60 cents National Bureau of Stand; J UN 2 1955 QClOO Cop ' 2- Foreword Preparation of this bibliography and index on vacuum and low pressure was undertaken to fill the need of scientists, engineers, and other users for sources of information. It was originally planned to include a critical review of vacuum and low pressure measurement with the bibliography. In order to avoid undue delay in the publication of the bibliography it was found advisable to omit the review which, however, will be prepared for separate publication. This bibliography was prepared as part of the work on vacuum standards which is now in progress in the Mechanics Division under the supervision of D, P. Johnson, Chief of the Pressure and Vacuum Section, A. V. Astin, Director, III Contents Page Foreword--" . m lo Introduction 1 2. Bibliography 2 3o Author Index- ^ . 51 4. Subject Index 64 IV BIBLIOGRAPHY AND INDEX ON VACUUM AND LOW PRESSURE MEASUREMENT W. G. Brombacher The bibliography contains 1538 references, of which 52 are on books. About 550 of the periodical references are specifically on pressure measurement including both vacuum gages and micromanometers . The balance are on vacuum technology, including adsorption, degassing, vacuum pumps, controlled gas leaks, valves, seals and vacuum systems, all of which bear on the technique of vacuum measurement. The indices con- sist of an author index and an index of the subject matter of the listed references. 1. INTRODUCTION Vacuum technology has been advancing at a rapid- measurement. This instrumentation is of interest ly accelerating rate during the past few years in principally to workers in scientific and industrial response to the needs of science and industry. To laboratories. References to micromanometers are meet the need for means of locating technical in- listed in the bibliography and are indexed similar- formation, abstracts of current literature on vac- ly as described in the preceding paragraph. uum technology are available in a number of the publications. Notable among those specifically on It was originally planned to include a critical vacuum technology are: a) Vacuum (since 1951), The review of vacuum and low pressure instrumentation international journal and abstracting service for with emphasis on possible standard instruments and vacuvim science and technology. Pergamon Press, on calibration methods. Preparing and including London, b) Le Vide (since 1946), Societe Francaise this review would delay publication unduly. Since des Ingenieurs des Techniciens du Vide, Paris, tne bibliography and indice's will adequately meet France. Other abstract journals or publications the needs of many of those interested in the field, containing a significant number of abstracts on vac- it was decided to issue the bibliograpJiy as prompt- uum measurement include c) Physical abstracts. Sec- ly as possible. The review will be prepared and tion A of Science abstracts. Institution of Elec- issued separately. trical Engineers, London, d) Chemical abstracts, American Chemical Society, Columbus, Ohio, e) Engi- Standard vacuum terminology has been proposed neering index. Engineering Societies, New York.^^ f) by the American Vacuum Society [58148] and the Physikalische Berichte, Deutsche Gesellschaft fur British Standards Institution [58104]. In the technische Physik, Braunschweig. subject index the American proposed classification of degrees of high vacuum has been adhered to. Excellent surveys of vacuum measurement are This is given in Dushman's "Scientific foundations of vac- Condition Pressure range, Torr uum technique" (1949) and in Leek's "Pressure meas- High vacuum 10 "3 to 10-6 urement in vacuum systems" (1957) but the refer- Very high vacuum 10-6 to 10-^ ences are incomplete and do not include the flood Ultra-high vacuum 10"^ and below of papers published since. The preparation of an The Torr equals 1/760 of an atmosphere of pressure up-to-date bibliography, undertaken here, appears (1013.250 millibars) or at pressures in the vacuum to fill a need for a source of readily available range, one millimeter of mercury for all practical information. This paper consists essentially of purposes. a) a bibliography, b) an author index, and c) an index of the subject matter of the bibliography. The term micromanometers is rather generally Wiile the primary objective is to focus on vacuum used to designate designs of liquid or mechanical measurement, it was believed essential to include type pressure measuring instruments which are an in the bibliography articles on vacuum technology order more sensitive than designs considered more in some measure accessory or essential to vacuijm or less standard. More specifically, micromanom- measurement. For maximum usefulness, an index of eters may be defined as instruments of the liquid the subject matter of the references has been pre- or mechanical type used to measure absolute or 10"^ pared. The abstract publications listed in the differential pressure in the range from about previous paragraph have been freely drawn upon in to 10 mm of mercury, with the ability to detect preparing the bibliography. pressure changes of less than about 0.01 mm of mercury. It also includes vjater or oil manometers Neither surveys nor bibliographies appear to be used to measure differential pressure, with a pres- available on micromanometers, covering absolute sure change of less than about 0.01 inch of water pressure measurements just above the high vacuum detectable. range or on sensitive, small differential pressure 1 . 2. BIBLIOGRAPHY The references are divided into a list of books references to vacuum technology and phenomena were and a list of papers and reports, all listed chro- included, since making valid vacuum measurements nologically, by years. Books are designated by involve the effect of such phenomena as adsorption, the letter "B" followed by two digits indicating degassing etc. References are therefore included the year of publication and by a single digit iden- on adsorption, degassing, outgassing, surface reac- tifying the order of listing. For example B592 tion, mechanical and diffusion pumps, leak detec- indicates a book published in 1959, listed second tion, controlled gas leaks, and on hardware such as in the book list. Papers and reports are desig- seals, valves, gaskets and vacuum systems. Refer- nated by four digits or five, where necessary, the ences on methods of calibrating vacuum gages and on first two indicating the year of publication or