Durham E-Theses A CONTRASTIVE STUDY OF RELATIVIZATION IN ENGLISH AND ARABIC WITH REFERENCE TO TRANSLATION PEDAGOGY ZAGOOD, MOHAMMED,JUMA,M. How to cite: ZAGOOD, MOHAMMED,JUMA,M. (2012) A CONTRASTIVE STUDY OF RELATIVIZATION IN ENGLISH AND ARABIC WITH REFERENCE TO TRANSLATION PEDAGOGY, Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/3402/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk 2 A CONTRASTIVE STUDY OF RELATIVIZATION IN ENGLISH AND ARABIC WITH REFERENCE TO TRANSLATION PEDAGOGY A Thesis Submitted to the University of Durham for the Degree of Doctorate in Contrastive Linguistics and Translation Studies By MOHAMMED JUMA M. ZAGOOD 2012 ABSTRACT This thesis presents a theoretical overview of relativization in English, relativization in Arabic, and contrasts between them. It also investigates the problems encountered by fourth-year English department students of El-Mergib University in Libya in translating relative clauses from English into Arabic and vice versa. Despite the fact that some studies have been conducted that include relativization in English and Arabic, none of them could be considered comprehensive. Therefore, this thesis presents a detailed discussion of relativization in both languages and examines translation between them. It can also be considered as an attempt to suggest a link between contrastive linguistics and translation studies. It also aims to persuade the officials of the University of El-Mergib to revise the teaching programme at the department of English and/or to establish a new programme in which translation is taught as a separate course. This is shown in the remedial solutions suggested in the conclusion chapter of this thesis. The thesis comprises seven chapters. Chapter One is an introduction to the study. Chapter Two reviews the relevant literature on contrastive studies and relativization in the world‟s languages with an emphasis on English-Arabic relativization. Chapter Three presents a theoretical discussion of translation theories, pedagogy, and assessment. Chapter Four gives a theoretical background to relativization in English, relativization in Arabic, and a contrastive study between them. Chapter Five presents the research methodology and design. Chapter Six presents the quantitative and qualitative data analysis. This chapter is the empirical part of the research. It focuses on the description of students‟ errors. Chapter Seven (the last one) deals with the conclusion, presents some remedial solutions, gives some recommendations for the University of El-Mergib to overcome the students‟ difficulties in translating relative clauses from English into Arabic and vice versa, and suggests some topics for further research. I DECLARATION I hereby declare that no portion of the work that appears in this study has been used in support of an application of another degree in qualification to this or any other university or institution of learning. II STATEMENT OF COPYRIGHT The copyright of this thesis rests with the author. No quotation from it should be published without the prior written consent and information derived from it should be acknowledged. III DEDICATION To my family and to all my close friends IV ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First and for most, I would like to express my deep thanks and gratitude to Almighty Allah Who has helped me finish this work and for everything else He gave me. Second, I am so much grateful to my brother Mr. Abdussalam for his endless encouragement and support not only when writing this thesis but also in everything I do. Third, I would like to thank both the University of El-Mergib from which I was nominated and the Higher Education Department in Libya for sponsoring me. Fourth, I am grateful to my supervisor Prof. Paul Starkey for providing me with many practical suggestions and useful comments during the writing of this thesis. To Prof. Starkey, I register my deep thanks for supervising the work and for his great guidance. Fifth, my thanks also go to Mr. Mohammed El-Zaidi for reading and giving some linguistic advice for the Arabic-English Translation Test before administering it. Finally, I would like to thank the students who participated in the translation tests used for data collection for this thesis. V LIST OF CONTENTS Abstract ……………………………………………………………………………...… I Declaration …..………………………………………………………………………… II Statement of Copyright ….…………..………………………………………………... III Dedication …………………………….……………………………………………… IV Acknowledgements .…………………………………………………………………… V List of Contents ……..………………………………………………………………... VI List of Tables ………………………………………………………………………... XII List of Abbreviations …………..…………………………………………………… XIII Transcription Symbols ……………………………………………………………… XIV CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION ………………………………………….......... 1 1.0 Introduction ………………………………………………………………….…….. 1 1.1 Statement of the Research Issue … ………………………………….……….......... 4 1.2 Hypotheses of the Research …………………………………………………........... 4 1.3 Aim and Objectives of the Research ………………………………….…………… 5 1.4 Scope of the Research ……………………………………………….………........... 6 1.5 Significance of the Research ………………………………………….…………… 6 1.6 Data Collection ……………………………………………………….……...…….. 7 1.7 Research Structure ..…………………………………………………….….............. 8 CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW …………………………………….. 10 2.0 Introduction …….………………………………………………………………… 10 2.1 Contrastive Studies ……………………………………………………………….. 10 2.1.1 History and Theory of Contrastive Studies …………………………….. 10 2.1.2 Contrastive Studies and Pedagogical Implications ……………………... 12 2.1.3 English-Arabic Contrastive Studies …………………………………….. 13 2.1.4 Criticism of Contrastive Studies ………………………………………... 14 2.1.5 Contrastive Studies and Translation ………………………………......... 15 2.2 Relativization in the World‟s Languages …………………………...………......... 16 2.3 English-Arabic Relativization ………………………………………………......... 20 2.4 Translation Need and Teaching in Libya ………………………………………… 24 2.4.1 The Need for Translation in Libya ……………………………………... 24 2.4.2 Translation Teaching in Libya ………………………………………….. 25 2.5 Summary ………………………………………………………………………….. 27 VI CHAPTER THREE: TRANSLATION THEORY, PEDAGOGY, AND ASSESSMENT ………………………………………………. 28 3.0 Introduction …………………………………………………………………......... 28 3.1 Definition of Translation ……………………………………………………......... 28 3.2 Translation Theories and Approaches ………………………………………......... 30 3.2.1 History of Translation Theories ………………………………………......... 31 3.2.2 Some Relevant Translation Theories ………...…………………………….. 33 3.2.2.1 Catford‟s Linguistic Theory of Translation …………………………... 33 3.2.2.2 Nida‟s Theory of Translation ………………………………………… 35 3.2.2.3 Newmark‟s Theory of Translation …………………………………… 36 3.2.2.4 Hatim and Mason‟s Theory of Translation …………………………… 38 3.2.2.5 Equivalence Theory …...………..……………………………….......... 40 3.3 Translation Pedagogy ……………………………………………………….......... 42 3.4 Translation Assessment ……………………………………………………........... 44 CHAPTER FOUR: RELATIVIZATION IN ENGLISH AND ARABIC ……….. 48 4.0 Introduction ………………………………………………………………………. 48 4.1 Relativization in English …………………………………………………………. 48 4.1.1 Definition of Relative Clauses …………………………………………........... 49 4.1.2 Structure of Relative clauses ……..………………………………................... 52 4.1.3 Identification of Relative Clauses ……………………………………………. 52 4.1.4 Types of Relative Clauses ………………………………………………......... 53 4.1.4.1 Nominal Relative Clauses ………………………………………............ 53 4.1.4.2 Sentential Relative Clauses ……………………………………….......... 54 4.1.4.3 Restrictive and Non-Restrictive Relative Clauses ……….………..…… 54 4.1.5 Functions of Relative Clauses ………………………………………….......... 61 4.1.6 Major Relative Pronouns ……………………………………………….......... 62 4.1.6.1 Definition ………………………………………………………….......... 62 4.1.6.2 Modification …………………………………………………………….. 62 4.1.6.3 Grammatical Categories ………………………………………..………. 62 4.1.6.4 Nominal Relative Pronouns ………………………………...…………... 64 4.1.6.5 Position of Relative Pronouns …………………………………………... 65 4.1.6.6 Relative Pronoun as a Subject of a Relative Clause (Who, Which, That) ……………………………………………………………………… 65 VII 4.1.6.7 Relative Pronoun as an Object of a Relative Clause (Who, Whom, Which, That) ..……………………………………………………………. 67 4.1.6.8 The Possessive Relative Pronoun (Whose) ...…………………………... 68 4.1.7 Marginal Relative Pronouns ……………………………………………......... 69 4.1.8 Position of Relative Clauses ……………………………………………......... 72 4.2 Relativization in Arabic ………………………………………………………….. 72 4.2.1 Relative Pronouns ………………………………………………………......... 72 4.2.1.1 Definition of Relative Pronouns ………………………………………… 73 4.2.1.2 Kinds of Relative Pronouns ……………………………………………... 73 4.2.1.2.1 Specific Relative Pronouns ………………………………………... 73 4.2.1.2.2 General Relative Pronouns ………………………………………... 78 4.2.1.3 Relative Pronouns with Different Antecedents ………………….............. 84 4.2.2 Relative Clauses ……………………………………………………………..