Report of the Long Term National Acid Deposition Monitoring in Japan (JFY2003-2007) MARCH 2009 Ministry of the Environment Government of Japan 1 Ogasawara acid deposition monitoring site Samplers (Tokyo site) Soil sampling (Hakusan, Ishikawa) In-land water sampling (Nagatomi-ike, Kagawa) Sampling of river water flow in Ijira Lake Throughfall sampling at Ijira (Koubora gawa) 2 Yellow sand from continent Volcanic fumes from Asama Mt. (18 Apr. 2006) (16 Sep. 2004) Pictures by MODIS mounted in Terra and Aqua earth observation satellite of NASA (Provided from Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency) Nitrogen annual deposition quantity distribution (2002) (Uno, et al., 2007) Distribution of NO2 concentration in the troposphere in East Asia by GOME The upper figure shows the average concentration in January 1996 and the lower in January 2002. The grey parts show no data.（Japan Agency for Marine-Earth and Technology, 2005） 3 The simulation results of the transboundary pollution of ozone in East Asia (7 – 9 May 2007) (Ohara, et al., 2008) The distribution of seasonal global ozone by satellite observation (Fishman.J, et al., 1997) 4 5 INTRODUCTION About acid deposition, acidification of lakes and forest damage became a diplomatic issue in Europe in the 1960s, and wet acidic air pollution became a problem in Japan in the 1970s. Therefore, the Ministry of the Environment (former Environment Agency) began the acid deposition survey from Japanese Fiscal Year (JFY) 1983 to comprehend the condition and influence of acid deposition in Japan with the aim of preventing harmful influence from acid deposition. Also, in order to maintain the acid deposition monitorihng in wide-area for long term, “The long term monitoring plan of acid deposition” was formulated on March 2002. Based on the plan, the Ministry of the Environment has implemented wet/dry deposition monitoring, land water monitoring for lakes, and soil/vegetation monitoring cooperating with local governments since JFY 2003. This report shows the results of long term monitoring conducted from JFY 2003 to JFY 2007, in addition, summarizes the results of the intensive survey on Ijira lake catchment area of which the soil is known to be acidified, from JFY 2005 to JFY 2007 focused. In recent years, transboundary air pollution in North-East Asia is pointed out as one of the causes of widening area that photochemical oxidant warnings are announced and increasing its concentration. For these reasons, not only acid deposition but also transboundary air pollution including ozone and aerosol is growing concern. We reviewed the existing study results such as calculation results of atmospheric simulation models as well as the condition of transboundary air pollution. This report is summarized about the result of study conducted at the acid deposition committee and its atmospheric issues sub-group and ecological impact sub-group established in the Ministry of Environment. The related data was collected and analyzed at Acid deposition and oxidant research center and it organized four working groups (acid deposition analysis, ecological impact analysis, Ijira lake intensive survey, transboundary air pollution) to analyze and review the research results. We extend a special thank to everyone concerned who cooperated with conducting and summarizing this monitoring survey. March 2009 Global Environment Bureau Ministry of the Environment 6 Committee Members Committee on Acid Deposition AKIMOTO, Hajime (Chair) ODA, Takashi2 Frontier Research System for Global Change Japan Environmental Laboratories Association Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and (Kochi Prefectural Environmental Research Technology Center) DOKIYA, Yukiko OGURA, Norio Edogawa University Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology GOTO, Ryozo2 OHTA, Seiichi2 Japan Environmental Technology Association Kyoto University HAKAMATA, Tomoyuki SATAKE, Kenichi Hamamatsu Photonics K.K. Rissho University HARA, Hiroshi TOTSUKA, Tsumugu Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology Japan Environmental Sanitation Center HISATAKE, Masayoshi1 TOYAZAKI, Yasuo1 Japan Environmental Laboratories Association Japan Environmental Technology Association (Kochi Prefectural Environmental Research UEDA, Hiromasa Center) Acid Deposition and Oxidant Research Center HORII, Kazuo1 YAMAMOTO, Shinichi1 Niigata Prefectural Government Niigata Prefectural Government KATO, Hisakazu Nagoya University MURANO, Kentaro 1: only in JFY2007 Hosei University 2: only in JFY2008 7 Sub-committee on Atmosphere AOKI, Masatoshi1 LI, Hu2 Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology Japan Environmental Technology Association DOKIYA, Yukiko OHIZUMI, Tsuyoshi Edogawa University Niigata Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environmental Sciences FUJITA, Shin-ichi Central Research Institute of Electric Power SHIMIZU, Hideyuki Industry National Institute for Environmental Studies HARA, Hiroshi (Chair) TANAKA, Shigeru Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology Keio University HATAKEYAMA, Shiro UEMATSU, Mitsuo Ocean Research Institute,University of Tokyo Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology MATSUDA, Kazuhide UNO, Itsushi Meisei University Kyushu University MURANO, Kentaro 1: only in JFY2007 Hosei University 2: only in JFY2008 GOTO, Ryozo1 Japan Environmental Technology Association Sub-committee on Ecological Impact AKAMA, Akio NAKAJIMA, Takuo Lake Biwa Research Institute Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute OGURA, Norio (Chair) EBISE, Senichi Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology Setsunan University OHTA, Seiichi FUKUHARA, Haruo Kyoto University Niigata University SHIMIZU, Hideyuki HAKAMATA, Tomoyuki National Institute for Environmental Studies Hamamatsu Photonics K.K. SHINDO, Junko HATAKEYAMA, Shiro National Institute of Agro-Environmental National Institute for Environmental Studies Science IKEDA, Shigeto SUDA, Ryuichi Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute Fukuoka Institute of Health and Environmental Science INOUE, Takanobu Gifu University TAKAMATSU, Takejiro National Institute for Environmental Studies IZUTA, Takeshi Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology TOTSUKA, Tsumugu Japan Environmental Sanitation Center 8 Working Group on Transboundary MATSUDA, Kazuhide Air Pollution Meisei University AKIMOTO, Hajime (Chair) Working Group on Ecological Impact Frontier Research System for Global Change Analysis Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and OGURA, Norio (Chair) Technology Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology UNO, Itsushi IKEDA, Shigeto Kyushu University Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute OHARA, Toshimasa SHINDO, Junko National Institute for Environmental Studies National Institute of Agro-Environmental HATAKEYAMA, Shiro Science National Institute for Environmental Studies TAKAMATSU, Takejiro HARA, Hiroshi National Institute for Environmental Studies Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology HAKAMATA, Tomoyuki YAMADI, Kazuyo Hamamatsu Photonics K.K. Frontier Research System for Global Change FUKUHARA, Haruo Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Niigata University Technology YAMADA, Toshiro Working Group on Acid Deposition National Institute of Public health Analysis HARA, Hiroshi(Chair) Working Group on Ijira-ko Intensive Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology Survey AIKAWA, Masahide HAKAMATA, Tomoyuki(Chair) Hyogo Prefectural Institute of Public Health Hamamatsu Photonics K.K. and Environmental Science INOUE, Takanobu OHIZUMI, Tsuyoshi Gifu University Niigata Prefectural Institute of Public Health SUMIDA, Hiroshi and Environmental Sciences Gifu Prefectural Research Institute for Health and TAKAMI, Akinori Environmental Sciences National Institute for Environmental Studies TAKAHASHI, Masamichi TOMOYOSE, Yoshitaka Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute Okinawa Prefectural Institute of Health and NAKAHARA, Osamu Environment Hokkaido University NOGUCHI, Izumi MATSUDA, Kazuhide Hokkaido Institute of Environmental Sciences Meisei University HAYASHI, Kentaro National Institute of Agro-Environmental Science 9 CONTENTS General overview of results of the survey 1．History of acid deposition survey 2．The purpose and contents of the research 3．Monitoring 3.1 Acid Deposition Monitoring 3.1.1 Wet Deposition Monitoring 3.1.2 Dry Deposition Monitoring 3.1.3 Synthetic consideration to acid deposition 3.2 Results of Ecological Impact Monitoring 3.2.1 Results of Soil and Vegetation Monitoring 3.2.2. Results of Monitoring on Inland Aquatic Environment 3.2.3 Discussion on ecological effects of acid deposition 3.3 Results of Ijira Intensive Surveys 3.4 Comparison with foreign monitoring data 4. Long-Range Trans-boundary Air Pollution 4.1 Status of transboundary air pollution in the world and East Asia 4.2 The Increasing Emissions of Air Pollutants in East Asia 4.3 Effect on trans-boundary air pollution in Japan 4.3.1 State of trans-boundary air pollution in Japan 4.3.2 Future prediction of impact of transboundary air pollution on Japan 4.4 Intercontinental transport of air pollutants and hemispheric air pollution 4.4.1 Task Force on Hemispheric Transport of Air Pollutants (CLRTAP/TF-HTAP) 4.4.2 Analysis by intercontinental transportation model 5．Future challenges of the counter measures to acid deposition 2 General overview of results of the survey １．Overview of the survey ・The Ministry of the Environment has conducted the acid deposition survey in order to figure out the condition and influence of acid deposition in Japan since JFY 1983. Based on the long term monitoring plan of acid deposition which