THE PRAGMATIC CONSTRAINTS OF ἈΛΛΆ IN THE SYNOPTIC GOSPELS A Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of Asbury Theological Seminary Wilmore, Kentucky In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy Dissertation Committee: Dr. Fredrick Long, Mentor Dr. Joseph Dongell, Reader Dr. Steven Runge, External Examiner By Shawn I. Craigmiles April 2016 Copyright 2016 Shawn I. Craigmiles All Rights Reserved 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................................. 1 PREFACE .......................................................................................................................... 6 INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................. 8 But It Is Not That Complex, Is It? ............................................................................................................... 8 Not Dialectical, but Metalinguistic Negation ............................................................................................ 10 But What Have You Done About It? ......................................................................................................... 13 Aims and Methodology ............................................................................................................................... 15 Scope ............................................................................................................................................................. 17 Why Only the Synoptic Gospels? How are the Synoptic Gospels Related?............................................ 18 Why Only the Synoptic Gospels? ........................................................................................................ 18 How are the Synoptic Gospels Related? .............................................................................................. 19 The Occurrences of Ἀλλά in the Synoptic Gospels .................................................................................. 22 Overview of the Occurrences of ἀλλά, the Associated Patterns, and Descriptive Terminology ........... 23 Parallel and Singular Occurrences of ἀλλά in the Synoptic Gospels ........................................................ 23 Table 1: Occurrences in Matthew ....................................................................................................... 24 Table 2: Occurrences in Mark ............................................................................................................. 25 Table 3: Occurrences in Luke ............................................................................................................. 26 Definitions/Description of Terms ............................................................................................................. 27 Negation .......................................................................................................................................... 27 Ellipsis/Elliptical ............................................................................................................................. 28 Constant Constituent ....................................................................................................................... 30 Preceding Constituent ..................................................................................................................... 31 Following Constituent ..................................................................................................................... 31 Pragmatic Constraints ..................................................................................................................... 32 Patterns Identified Within the Synoptic Gospels ...................................................................................... 33 Patterns ................................................................................................................................................ 33 Pattern 1—Supplied/Implied Constant Pattern—Constituent Correction ....................................... 34 Pattern 2—No Constant Pattern—Negation and Affirmation of Whole Utterances ....................... 34 Pattern 3—Supplied/Repeated Constant Pattern—Comparison and Contrast ................................ 34 Pattern 4—Rhetorical/Discourse Pattern—Advancing An Alternative .......................................... 35 Pattern 5—Conditional Negation Pattern—Unless/Except X Then Y … But X (So Not Y) .......... 35 Pattern 6—Alternative Negation Pattern—Affirmation and Negation of Whole Utterances.......... 35 Frequency Distribution of the Patterns Throughout the Synoptic Gospels .......................................... 39 Procedure ..................................................................................................................................................... 40 2 CHAPTER 1 .................................................................................................................... 42 Survey of Secondary Literature Through the Middle of the Twentieth Century .................................. 42 G.B. Winer ........................................................................................................................................... 42 A. T. Robertson .................................................................................................................................... 47 H.W. Smyth ......................................................................................................................................... 49 H. Kruse and P. A. Vaccari: Dialectic Negation as a Semitic Idiom ................................................... 51 WHY “DIALEKTISCHE” NEGATION? EXCURSUS ON G. W. F. HEGEL’S “DIALECTIC” ....................... 55 The Typical Features of This Idiom: ............................................................................................... 59 J. D. Denniston..................................................................................................................................... 61 F. Blass, A. Debrunner, and R. Funk (BDF) ........................................................................................ 62 M. Zerwick........................................................................................................................................... 63 N. Turner .............................................................................................................................................. 65 J. Jeremias ............................................................................................................................................ 65 CHAPTER 2 .................................................................................................................... 67 Survey of Secondary Literature From the Late Twentieth and Early Twenty-First Centuries ........... 67 Sources Related Specifically to Κοινή Greek in the New Testament ....................................................... 69 A.B. du Toit ......................................................................................................................................... 69 J. Callow .............................................................................................................................................. 72 D. Wallace and S. Porter ...................................................................................................................... 79 J. Heckert ............................................................................................................................................. 80 S. Levinsohn ........................................................................................................................................ 82 U. Luz .................................................................................................................................................. 83 N. Gupta ............................................................................................................................................... 87 S. Runge ............................................................................................................................................... 87 R. Brannan ........................................................................................................................................... 90 Sources Related More Generally to Linguistics and Negation ................................................................. 92 H.P. Grice: Cooperative Principle and Conversational Implicature..................................................... 92 Modification of Grice’s Proposal for Conversational Implicature by L. Horn ............................... 95 Alternative to Grice’s Proposal for Conversational Implicature: S. Sperber and D. Wilson .......... 97 L. Horn: Descriptive and Metalinguistic Negation ............................................................................ 100 Metalinguistic Negation ................................................................................................................ 101 J. McCawley on the Form of a Construction Versus Its Function ............................................ 102 Horn’s Metalinguistic Negation Proposal ................................................................................ 106 S. Schwenter’s Interaction with Horn’s Proposal ....................................................................