CHINA IN AFRICA: THE NEW COLONIALISM? HEARING BEFORE THE SUBCOMMITTEE ON AFRICA, GLOBAL HEALTH, GLOBAL HUMAN RIGHTS, AND INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS OF THE COMMITTEE ON FOREIGN AFFAIRS HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES ONE HUNDRED FIFTEENTH CONGRESS SECOND SESSION MARCH 7, 2018 Serial No. 115–117 Printed for the use of the Committee on Foreign Affairs ( Available via the World Wide Web: http://www.foreignaffairs.house.gov/ or http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/ U.S. GOVERNMENT PUBLISHING OFFICE 28–876PDF WASHINGTON : 2018 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Publishing Office Internet: bookstore.gpo.gov Phone: toll free (866) 512–1800; DC area (202) 512–1800 Fax: (202) 512–2104 Mail: Stop IDCC, Washington, DC 20402–0001 VerDate 0ct 09 2002 09:36 Apr 16, 2018 Jkt 000000 PO 00000 Frm 00001 Fmt 5011 Sfmt 5011 Z:\WORK\_AGH\030718\28876 SHIRL COMMITTEE ON FOREIGN AFFAIRS EDWARD R. ROYCE, California, Chairman CHRISTOPHER H. SMITH, New Jersey ELIOT L. ENGEL, New York ILEANA ROS-LEHTINEN, Florida BRAD SHERMAN, California DANA ROHRABACHER, California GREGORY W. MEEKS, New York STEVE CHABOT, Ohio ALBIO SIRES, New Jersey JOE WILSON, South Carolina GERALD E. CONNOLLY, Virginia MICHAEL T. MCCAUL, Texas THEODORE E. DEUTCH, Florida TED POE, Texas KAREN BASS, California DARRELL E. ISSA, California WILLIAM R. KEATING, Massachusetts TOM MARINO, Pennsylvania DAVID N. CICILLINE, Rhode Island MO BROOKS, Alabama AMI BERA, California PAUL COOK, California LOIS FRANKEL, Florida SCOTT PERRY, Pennsylvania TULSI GABBARD, Hawaii RON DESANTIS, Florida JOAQUIN CASTRO, Texas MARK MEADOWS, North Carolina ROBIN L. KELLY, Illinois TED S. YOHO, Florida BRENDAN F. BOYLE, Pennsylvania ADAM KINZINGER, Illinois DINA TITUS, Nevada LEE M. ZELDIN, New York NORMA J. TORRES, California DANIEL M. DONOVAN, JR., New York BRADLEY SCOTT SCHNEIDER, Illinois F. JAMES SENSENBRENNER, JR., THOMAS R. SUOZZI, New York Wisconsin ADRIANO ESPAILLAT, New York ANN WAGNER, Missouri TED LIEU, California BRIAN J. MAST, Florida FRANCIS ROONEY, Florida BRIAN K. FITZPATRICK, Pennsylvania THOMAS A. GARRETT, JR., Virginia JOHN R. CURTIS, Utah AMY PORTER, Chief of Staff THOMAS SHEEHY, Staff Director JASON STEINBAUM, Democratic Staff Director SUBCOMMITTEE ON AFRICA, GLOBAL HEALTH, GLOBAL HUMAN RIGHTS, AND INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS CHRISTOPHER H. SMITH, New Jersey, Chairman MARK MEADOWS, North Carolina KAREN BASS, California DANIEL M. DONOVAN, JR., New York AMI BERA, California F. JAMES SENSENBRENNER, JR., JOAQUIN CASTRO, Texas Wisconsin THOMAS R. SUOZZI, New York THOMAS A. GARRETT, JR., Virginia (II) VerDate 0ct 09 2002 09:36 Apr 16, 2018 Jkt 000000 PO 00000 Frm 00002 Fmt 5904 Sfmt 5904 Z:\WORK\_AGH\030718\28876 SHIRL C O N T E N T S Page WITNESSES Mr. Gordon Chang, author ...................................................................................... 7 Mr. Joshua Meservey, senior policy analyst, Africa and the Middle East, The Heritage Foundation .................................................................................... 19 Mr. Scott Morris, senior fellow, Center for Global Development ......................... 35 Anita Plummer, Ph.D., assistant professor, Department of African Studies, Howard University ............................................................................................... 41 LETTERS, STATEMENTS, ETC., SUBMITTED FOR THE HEARING Mr. Gordon Chang: Prepared statement ............................................................... 10 Mr. Joshua Meservey: Prepared statement ........................................................... 21 Mr. Scott Morris: Prepared statement ................................................................... 38 Anita Plummer, Ph.D.: Prepared statement ......................................................... 44 APPENDIX Hearing notice .......................................................................................................... 68 Hearing minutes ...................................................................................................... 69 The Honorable Christopher H. Smith, a Representative in Congress from the State of New Jersey, and chairman, Subcommittee on Africa, Global Health, Global Human Rights, and International Organizations: Prepared statement of Samantha Custer, AidData at the College of William & Mary .............................................................................................................. 70 ‘‘China-Kenya Relationship: Influence of Money & Growth of Corruption,’’ by Rev. Abel Oriri, LPCC-S, NCC, Pastor Heights Fellowship Church, Cleveland, OH ................................................................................................... 77 Prepared statement of Daniel Asaah, Ghanaian Politician/Entrepreneur ...... 84 (III) VerDate 0ct 09 2002 09:36 Apr 16, 2018 Jkt 000000 PO 00000 Frm 00003 Fmt 5904 Sfmt 5904 Z:\WORK\_AGH\030718\28876 SHIRL VerDate 0ct 09 2002 09:36 Apr 16, 2018 Jkt 000000 PO 00000 Frm 00004 Fmt 5904 Sfmt 5904 Z:\WORK\_AGH\030718\28876 SHIRL CHINA IN AFRICA: THE NEW COLONIALISM? WEDNESDAY, MARCH 7, 2018 HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, SUBCOMMITTEE ON AFRICA, GLOBAL HEALTH, GLOBAL HUMAN RIGHTS, AND INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS, COMMITTEE ON FOREIGN AFFAIRS, Washington, DC. The subcommittee met, pursuant to notice, at 2:00 p.m., in room 2172 Rayburn House Office Building, Hon. Christopher H. Smith (chairman of the subcommittee) presiding. Mr. SMITH. The subcommittee will come to order, and good after- noon to everybody. Thank you for being here. Today’s hearing will analyze China’s activity and engagement in sub-Saharan Africa. In particular, we will look into what motivates China and how Chinese involvement has affected African countries. While a number of African nations have welcomed Chinese en- gagement and investment, it often comes at a very high cost, with a focus on extractive industries, entanglement with neomercantilist trade policy, and a tendency to adopt the worst practices that prop up kleptocrats and autocrats such as DR Congo’s Joseph Kabila, while fueling corruption in an effort to win contracts. China’s engagement in Africa was once driven by revolutionary ideology motivated by competition with the Soviet Union as much as it was directed at ‘‘capitalist roaders’’ aligned with the United States. In Angola, for example, in 1975, Soviet-backed communists bested Chinese-backed revolutionary rivals including Jonas Savimbi, who was a Maoist before he was reborn in the 1980s as an anti-communist freedom fighter. Today, China’s one-time Marxist-Leninist-Maoist impulse has been softened to the point of almost—but not quite—disappearing, with revolution replaced by infrastructure projects, trade missions, soft loans, and scholarships for promising African students, all part of the ubiquitous Beijing effort at hegemony. While on the one hand, Africa needs investment and it needs in- frastructure, we see a worrisome trend of African countries sliding into indebtedness to China, accumulating burdens that may be be- yond their capacity to meet. All too often, the roads China builds are meant to allow it access to mineral resources that it can extract and ship to China, or are a part of the One-Belt, One-Road initiative, which is designed to benefit China and, ultimately, help it project power. (1) VerDate 0ct 09 2002 09:36 Apr 16, 2018 Jkt 000000 PO 00000 Frm 00005 Fmt 6633 Sfmt 6633 Z:\WORK\_AGH\030718\28876 SHIRL 2 Further, as anyone who has been to Africa has observed, these grand construction projects often utilize Chinese engineers and workers and not Africans. I remember being in the capital of DR Congo on one of many trips to Africa and seeing a large number of Chinese workers. They looked very happy. I thought they prob- ably were Laogai prisoners who were there working, and they didn’t even look up during the hour of observation by myself and a member of our Embassy staff. As we will hear today, nowhere in Africa is the problem of in- debtedness more pronounced than in Djibouti, a strategically im- portant country in the Horn of Africa which sits astride the Mandeb Strait and one of only five African countries where Sec- retary of State Tillerson is visiting on his trip to Africa this week. A former French colony, Djibouti hosts a French military base and an American one, and Djibouti also hosts, as of last summer, China’s only permanent military base outside of China. China’s overall foreign aid and financial leverage on the con- tinent has been difficult to quantify—as has demonstrating how that translates into influence. Yeoman work in this regard has been done by Aid Data at the College of William and Mary, which had written testimony to be submitted as part of the record, without objection. It demonstrates a correlation between how an African country votes at the United Nations General Assembly and how much aid it receives from China. There is a quid pro quo. Another strategically important country with high indebtedness to China that the Secretary will visit is Ethiopia. It is also a coun- try where China has most clearly aligned itself with repressive forces. In addition to assisting the government in controlling informa- tion flows, such as jamming the Voice of America and BBC broad- casts, the Chinese Communist Party has engaged with Ethiopia’s ruling party in ‘‘training and exchanges.’’ And just recently, we held yet another hearing on the brutality by the Ethiopians in this subcommittee. At the Brookings Institution, as it has documented, cadres from the ruling Ethiopian People’s Revolutionary Democratic Front were ‘‘taught’’