STATE OF MICHIGAN Sand, gravel and boulders..................................... 35 MICHIGAN GEOLOGICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SURVEY Limestone and dolomite ........................................ 36 Sand-lime brick...................................................... 37 Publication 12. Geological Series 9. Chemical materials for direct use or manufacture. ......37 GEOLOGICAL REPORT ON WAYNE COUNTY Calcium carbonate................................................. 37 Glass sand............................................................. 39 BY Mineral waters ....................................................... 39 W. H. SHERZER. Rock salt................................................................ 40 PUBLISHED AS A PART OF THE ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Pigments................................................................ 42 BOARD OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY FOR 1911. Materials as abrasives. ................................................42 LANSING, MICHIGAN materials for fuels.........................................................42 WYNKOOP HALLENBECK CRAWFORD CO., STATE PRINTERS Peat ....................................................................... 42 1913 Oil and gas ............................................................ 42 Chapter IX. Summaries by Civil Divisions. ................43 Contents Morainic areas, undulating surface, and clay soils. .....43 Northville township ................................................ 43 Chapter VI. Hard-rock Geology..................................... 2 Plymouth township ................................................ 44 Mississippian System. ................................................... 2 Monguagon township ............................................ 45 Coldwater shales .....................................................2 City of Detroit......................................................... 45 Berea sandstone......................................................4 Grosse Point township........................................... 47 Devonian System. ......................................................... 4 Gratiot township..................................................... 48 Antrim shale .............................................................4 Till plain areas, flat surface, and clay soils...................48 Traverse group.........................................................5 Canton township.................................................... 48 Dundee limestone....................................................6 Springwells township............................................. 49 Silurian System............................................................ 10 Ecorse township .................................................... 50 Monroe formation...................................................10 Brownstown township............................................ 51 Salina formation.....................................................12 Delta areas, flat surfaces; soil gravelly, sandy loam....52 Niagara formation ..................................................14 Van Buren township .............................................. 52 Deeper beds reached by borings. ............................... 15 Livonia township .................................................... 53 Beach and dune areas; heavy ridging and sandy soils.55 Chapter VII. Water Resources..................................... 17 Sumpter township.................................................. 55 Surface Waters............................................................ 17 Huron township...................................................... 55 Reservoirs and cisterns .........................................17 Romulus township ................................................. 56 Ponds and lakes ....................................................17 Taylor township ..................................................... 57 Surface streams.....................................................17 Nankin township .................................................... 57 Waters from lacustrine and river deposits................... 20 Redford township................................................... 58 Shallow wells .........................................................20 Greenfield township............................................... 59 Seepage springs....................................................23 Hamtramck township ............................................. 59 Waters from glacial deposits. ...................................... 23 Chapter X. Preliminary Report on the Fauna of the Origin of deposits...................................................23 Dundee Limestone ny Amadeus W. Grabau ...............60 Water supply ..........................................................23 Introduction...................................................................60 Non-flowing wells...................................................24 Flowing wells..........................................................26 Summary of faunas. .....................................................60 Boiling springs........................................................27 Protozoa. ............................................................... 60 Waters from the bed rock. ........................................... 28 Porifera. ................................................................. 60 Hydrozoa. .............................................................. 60 Geological formations ............................................28 Anthozoa................................................................ 61 Flowing wells..........................................................28 Bryozoa.................................................................. 63 Springs...................................................................29 Brachiopoda. ......................................................... 63 Non-flowing wells...................................................29 Pelecypoda............................................................ 68 Water decline in lower Huron region. .......................... 30 Scaphopoda. ......................................................... 70 Facts relative to decline .........................................30 Gastropoda............................................................ 70 Fuller’s investigation ..............................................30 Conularida ............................................................. 72 Conclusions. ..........................................................31 Cephalopoda. ........................................................ 72 Present conditions .................................................32 Crustacea. ............................................................. 73 Remedies...............................................................33 Pisces. ................................................................... 73 Chapter VIII. Economic Resources. ........................... 34 Summary of Dundee—Columbus fauna ......................74 Materials used in construction..................................... 34 Stratigraphic position of the Dundee—Columbus........74 Clays ......................................................................34 Supplementary note. ....................................................75 Publication 12, Geological Series 9 -- Chapters 6-10 – Page 1 of 79 List of Illustrations The term "Subcarboniferous" was first used by David Dale Owen in 1838 for an extensive series of sandstones, shales and limestones lying below the Coal Plates Measures, but including also Devonian and Silurian 1 Plate XXVII. A. Flowing well from drift clay, Canton strata. The term was soon restricted to include those township. ........................................................................24 strata only of later age than the Devonian and constituting the base of the Carboniferous series. As Plate XXVII. B. Primitive type of flowing well, Canton thus restricted, it was known to have a wide distribution township. ........................................................................24 in North America, attaining its maximum thickness in the Plate XXVIII. A. Natural spring from delta of Middle Rouge...24 Appalachians but also well developed in the Mississippi Plate XXVIII. B. Spring of U. S. Fish Hatchery, Northville......25 region where it consists largely of limestones. The term Mississippian was proposed for the formation by Plate XXIX. A. Swan well, Grosse Isle, in 1907.....................25 Williams in 18912 and has come into quite general use in Plate XXIX. B. Swan well, Grosse Isle, after seven years of the more recent literature. This is a slight modification in flow. Cement curbing destroyed by frost. ......................25 form and usage of the terms proposed by Alexander Winchell, some 12 years earlier, the "Mississippi Plate XXX. A. Stratified lake clay deposit, Springwells limestone series or Mississippi group."3 In their recent township. ........................................................................25 Geology (vol. II, 1906, page 508) Chamberin and Plate XXX. B. Portion of Sibley quarry, crusher and lime Salisbury proposed advancing the Mississippian to the kilns. ...............................................................................25 rank of a distinct system, coördinate with Devonian, Plate XXXI. A. Near view of Sibley crushing plant.................38 Silurian, etc., and thus separating it from the Coal Measures or Pennsylvanian. Plate XXXI. B. Plant of Peninsula