Notes Introduction 1. Amartya Sen’s Poverty and Famines remains the standard analy sis of the human and institutional causes of starvation. 2. For example, Arthur Waldron quotes Chen Duxiu, “Dao Junfa” (Down with war- lords), Meizhou pinglun, 28 December 1918 (“The Warlord,” 1080). 3. Sheridan, Chinese Warlord; Gillin, Warlord; A. Nathan, Peking Politics; Ch’i, War- lord Politics in China; McCormack, Chang Tso- lin; Wou, Militarism in Modern China. 4. Suleski, Civil Government in Warlord China, 190. This is not to say that under- standings of military figures in the republic have not evolved. After spending de cades as the “ running dogs of imperialism” in the Maoist period, more than a few warlords enjoyed something of a rehabilitation as local heroes in the 1980s, even as “something close to national heroes,” praised in the mainland Chinese press as “patriotic generals” for their roles in anti- Japanese re sis tance (Lary, foreword, vii– viii). 5. “Simply defined,” in the words of McCord, “warlords are military commanders who, as a result of their control of military force, exert a significant degree of au- tonomous po liti cal power within weak and fragmented po liti cal orders” (Military Force and Elite Power, 50). He explains elsewhere that as a system “warlordism did not originate simply in the rejection of legitimate po liti cal authority by military commanders, but rather in the difficulty of defining which authority was legiti- mate” (The Power of a Gun, 310). 6. Taking the form of both academic study and more popu lar history, this continuing trend is summarized by Zhang Qiang and Weatherley, “The Rise of ‘Republican Fever.’ ” 7. See Wakeman and Edmonds, Reappraising Republican China. Also see Dikötter, The Age of Openness. Pierre Fuller - 9781684176021 Downloaded from Brill.com09/28/2021 10:52:47AM via free access 270 Notes to Pages 3–11 8. van de Ven, “Public Finance and the Rise of Warlordism”; Waldron, From War to Nationalism. 9. Lary, The Chinese People at War; Lary and MacKinnon, The Scars of War; MacKin- non, Lary, and Vogel, China at War; Henriot and Yeh, In the Shadow of the Rising Sun. 10. Edgerton- Tarpley, Tears from Iron; Li Wenhai and Xia, Tian you xiongnian; Zhu, Minbao wuyu; Muscolino, The Ecol ogy of War in China; Ristaino, The Jacquinot Safe Zone; Courtney, The Nature of Disaster in China. 11. Rowe, Saving the World; Will and Wong, Nourish the People; Rawski, The Last Emperors. 12. Lillian Li, Fighting Famine in North China; Simon, Civil Society in China. 13. Barnett, Empire of Humanity, 34. 14. Fassin, Humanitarian Reason, 3. 15. Devereux, Theories of Famine; Ó Gráda, Famine. 16. Notable exceptions to this are Ransmeier, Sold People; and Wang Di, Street Culture in Chengdu. 17. Dillon and Oi, At the Crossroads of Empires; Yeh, Shanghai Splendor; Rogaski, Hy- gienic Modernity; Lu Hanchao, Beyond the Neon Lights; S. Smith, Like Cattle and Horses; Goodman, Native Place, City, and Nation. 18. Chang Liu, Peasants and Revolution in Rural China; Huaiyin Li, Village Governance in North China; Philip Huang, Peasant Economy and Social Change; Esherick, The Origins of the Boxer Uprising; Perry, Rebels and Revolutionaries in North China; Johnson, Spectacle and Sacrifice; Dubois, The Sacred Village; Harrison, Man Awakened from Dreams. 19. For other works that focus on the international dimension of relief in 1920–21, see Kang and Xia, 20 shiji Zhongguo zaibian; Lillian Li, Fighting Famine in North China; and A. Nathan, A History of the China International Famine Relief Commission. 20. Gates, China’s Motor; Ransmeier, Sold People. 21. Kuhn, “Local Self- Government under the Republic”; Huang, The Peasant Economy and Social Change; Duara, Culture, Power, and the State. 22. Lillian Li, Fighting Famine in North China, chapter 9; Naquin, Peking, 651. 23. Barnett, Empire of Humanity; Vernon, Hunger, 17–40; Rodogno, Against Massacre; Moniz, From Empire to Humanity; Irwin, Making the World Safe; Shaw, Britannia’s Embrace; Porter, Benevolent Empire. 24. Watenpaugh, Bread from Stones, 3 and 8 (emphasis added). 25. An impor tant exception is Konishi, “The Emergence of an International Humani- tarian Organ ization.” 26. Pantuliano, foreword. 27. Bennett and Foley, Time to Let Go, 8 and 53. 28. Maxwell and Majid, Famine in Somalia, xiii– xiv. 29. De Ville de Goyet, “Stop Propagating Disaster Myths,” 762. I thank Rony Brauman for bringing this article to my attention. 30. L. Wong, Marginalization and Social Welfare in China, 34; Ekbladh, The Great American Mission, 27–29. 31. On early modern charity organ izations generally, see Liang, Shishan yu jiaohua. Pierre Fuller - 9781684176021 Downloaded from Brill.com09/28/2021 10:52:47AM via free access Notes to Pages 12–25 271 32. Da gongbao, 2 October 1920; Aiguo baihua bao, 17 November 1920. 33. Zhongguo minbao, 12 September 1920; Xiao gongbao, 22 September 1920; Laifu bao, 26 December 1920. 34. Cabanes, The Great War and the Origins of Humanitarianism; Grant, Philanthropy and Voluntary Action; Porter, Benevolent Empire. 35. Estimates of Rus sian famine mortality in 1921–22 range anywhere from one to ten million. See Patenaude, The Big Show in Bololand, 196–97. 36. Green, “Humanitarianism in Nineteenth- Century Context.” 37. Yang, Tombstone; Brown, City versus Countryside; Wemheuer, Famine Politics in Maoist China. 38. Kaplan, The Stakes of Regulation, 378. I thank Arnaud Orain for bringing this book to my attention. 39. Dikötter, Mao’s Great Famine; Thaxton, Catastrophe and Contention in Rural China. 40. Unfortunately, the 1920–21 famine rarely appears in the issues of an impor tant rec- ord of daily life in prerevolutionary China, Wenshi ziliao (Cultural and historical miscellany). It is hard to say why. One can only speculate that by the time Wenshi ziliao was first compiled in the 1960s, the 1920 famine had been overshadowed by the considerably more devastating warfare and ecological disasters of the National- ist period. 41. David Strand notes that Beijing in the mid-1920s had “80 dailies [and] 30 eve ning papers” (Rickshaw Beijing, 324). In 1920, more than a hundred dailies had been es- tablished in the capital, according to Beijing’s modern gazetteer (BJZH, Beijing zhi, 42–53). 42. Weston, “Minding the Newspaper Business,” 4. 1. War in July 1. Xiao gongbao, 3 July 1920. 2. For a gazetteer’s description of this delicate dynamic over the course of 1920, see Jing XZ 23a. 3. Snyder- Reinke, Dry Spells; Rawski, The Last Emperors, 220–30. 4. North China Herald, 4 September 1920. 5. Chinese Government Railways, Guide to Peking, 60. 6. Ting, Government Control of the Press, 51. 7. This figure is based on a tally taken for the Second World Press Conference in 1921. See Lin Yutang, A History of the Press, 117 and 124. 8. Allen, Only Yesterday, 77. 9. A. Nathan, Peking Politics, 15. 10. McCord, The Power of a Gun, 265. 11. See Rowe, Saving the World. 12. Wang Runze, Zhang Liluan yu Da gongbao, 30. 13. Wang Runze, Beiyang zhengfu shiqi de xinwenye, 376; Strand, Rickshaw Beijing, 57. 14. Quoted in Strand, Rickshaw Beijing, 57. Pierre Fuller - 9781684176021 Downloaded from Brill.com09/28/2021 10:52:47AM via free access 272 Notes to Pages 25–32 15. BJZH, Beijing zhi, 45. 16. Gamble, Peking, 508. 17. BJZH, Beijing zhi, 44 and 49. 18. Shenbao, 12 October 1920. 19. The cartoons appeared through the fall and winter of 1920–21 in Shenbao, Shibao, and Yishibao. The photo collage appears in Shibao, 17 October 1920. 20. By my own reckoning, five Chinese broadsheets have long served as the go-to news source for scholars of 1910s and 1920s China (Shanghai’s Shenbao and Shibao, Bei- jing’s Shuntian shibao, Tianjin’s Da gongbao, and Yishibao, which had both Beijing and Tianjin editions). Coming in a distant sixth and seventh are Beijing’s Chenbao and Shanghai’s Minguo ribao. This is largely due to the accessibility of these papers in bound reprints in libraries or in digital form online. Many other newspapers from the early republic used in this study were short- lived, and for that reason (pre- sumably, along with the destruction of the wars and cultural purges later in the century) they are exceedingly difficult to locate in libraries anywhere. Nonetheless they survive in par tic u lar collections, most notably in hard copies at the Peking University Library or on microfilm at the National Library in Beijing and the Shanghai Municipal Library. 21. Guo, Wu Peifu da zhuan, 140–43; Ch’i, Warlord Politics in China, 136. 22. McCormack, Chang Tso- lin in Northeast China, 50–52. 23. Wou, Militarism in Modern China, 24–28; McCord, The Power of a Gun, 260; Beasley, Japa nese Imperialism, 117. 24. Wou, Militarism in Modern China, 22–24. 25. For an early episode of tension over the foreign construction of a rail line near Shanghai, see Pong, “Confucian Patriotism.” 26. J. Buck, “Price Changes in China,” 241. 27. Tan, The Boxer Catastrophe, 55. 28. Shanghai Gazette, 14 July 1920. 29. Egan, “Fighting the Chinese Famine,” 46. 30. North China Herald, 17 and 24 July 1920; Xiao gongbao, 17, 19, and 20 July 1920. 31. Michael Tsin notes that the British military attaché considered Wu “one of the two most able soldiers” in China at the time (Nation, Governance, and Modernity in China, 56). See also North China Herald, 24 July 1920; Shanghai Times, 26 July 1920; Zhang Jungu, Wu Peifu zhuan, 279–82; Guo, Wu Peifu da zhuan. 32. Wou, Militarism in Modern China, 26. 33. McCord, “Burn, Kill, Rape, and Rob,” 39. 34. Shanghai Times, 26 July 1920; McCord, “Burn, Kill, Rape, and Rob,” 32. 35. Lary, Warlord Soldiers, 37. 36. Shanghai Times, 26 July 1920; McCord, “Burn, Kill, Rape, and Rob,” 25.