Public Disclosure Authorized ATHI WATER SERVICES BOARD INDEPENDENT COMMUNITY WATER SUPPLY ALONG THE NORTHERN COLLECTOR TUNNEL PHASE 1 TO THIKA DAM – MURANG’A WATER Public Disclosure Authorized SUPPLY Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Project Report Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized May 2015 ESIA Project Report for Murang’a Water Supply May 2015 CONTENTS CONTENTS I LIST OF TABLES V LIST OF FIGURES VI ACRONYMS VII EXECUTIVE SUMMARY VIII 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT 1 1.2 PROJECT LOCATION 2 1.3 SCOPE OF THE ESIA STUDY 4 1.4 OBJECTIVES OF THE ESIA STUDY 5 1.5 TERMS OF REFERENCE (TOR) FOR THE ESIA PROCESS 5 1.5 METHODOLOGY 6 1.5.1 Desk review 6 1.5.2 Field visits 6 1.5.3 Socioeconomic Survey 6 1.5.3 Public consultation 7 1.5.4 Impact assessment and analysis 7 1.6 THE ESIA TEAM 8 1.7 REPORTING AND DOCUMENTATION 8 1.8 STRUCTURE OF THE ESIA PROJECT REPORT 9 2.0 PROJECT DESCRIPTION 11 2.1 INTRODUCTION 11 2.2 PROPOSED INTERVENTIONS 11 2.2.1 Kiriciungu Treatment Works 11 2.2.2 Kahuti Treatment Works 12 2.2.3 Muruka–Kenol-Makuyu Pipeline 12 2.2.4 Mareira-Sabasaba-Muthithi 12 2.2.5 Kaharati-Iganjo Pipeline 12 2.2.6 Rwathia - Mukangu pipeline 13 2.2.7 Kayahwe – Kambirwa Pipeline 13 2.3 CONSTRUCTION PERIOD 15 2.4 PROJECT COST 15 3.0 BASELINE ENVIRONMENT 16 3.1 PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT 16 3.1.1 Topography 16 3.1.2 Climate 16 3.1.3 Soils 17 3.1.4 Geology 18 3.1.4 Water resources 18 3.2 BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT 18 3.2.1 Flora and fauna 18 i ESIA Project Report for Murang’a Water Supply May 2015 3.3 SOCIO-ECONOMIC BASELINE 20 3.3.1 Administrative units and population 20 3.3.2 Marital Status 21 3.3.3 Religion 22 3.3.4 Education 22 3.3.5 Income and expenditure 24 3.3.6 Housing 26 3.3.7 Sources of Energy for lighting and cooking 26 3.3.8 Access to water 27 3.3.9 Toilet facilities 29 3.3.10 Health 29 3.3.11 Land tenure and ownership 31 3.3.12 Land use 32 3.3.13 Livestock inventory 33 4.0 LEGAL, POLICY AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK 35 4.1 POLICY FRAMEWORK 35 4.1.1 Environmental policy framework 35 4.1.2 National Water Policy 36 4.1.3 Land policy 36 4.1.4 Kenya Vision 2030 38 4.1.5 National Environment Action Plan Framework, 2009 - 2013 38 4.1.6 Policy on Environment and Development 39 4.1.7 The National Poverty Eradication Plan (NPEP), 1999 40 4.2 LEGAL FRAMEWORK 40 4.2.1 The constitution of Kenya 40 4.2.2 Environmental Management and Coordination Act (EMCA), 1999 41 4.2.3 Water Act, 2002 49 4.2.4 Land Related Acts 52 4.2.5 Occupational Safety and Health Act, 2007 58 4.2.7 The Penal Code (Cap. 63) 62 4.2.6 Public Health Act (Cap 242) 62 4.2.8 Physical Planning Act 62 4.2.9 The County Governments Act 2012 63 4.2.10 Employment Act 64 4.2.11 Work Injury Benefits Act (WIBA) 64 4.2.12 Explosives Act, Cap 115 65 4.3 LICENCES AND PERMITS 66 4.4 WORLD BANK OPERATIONAL POLICIES 66 4.4.1 Environmental Assessment (OP 4.01) 66 4.4.2 Natural Habitats (OP 4.04) 67 4.4.3 Physical Cultural Resources (OP 4.11) 67 4.4.4 Involuntary Resettlement (OP 4.12) 68 4.4.5 Operational Policy 4.36: Forests 68 4.5 INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS AND TREATIES 69 4.5.1 Millennium Development Goals (MDG’s) 69 4.5.2 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) 71 4.5.3 Convention on Biological Diversity 72 4.5.4 African Convention on the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources 72 4.5.5 Kyoto Protocol 72 4.6 INSTITUTIONAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK 73 4.6.1 Ministry of Environment, Water and Natural Resources 73 ii ESIA Project Report for Murang’a Water Supply May 2015 4.6.2 National Environment Management Authority (NEMA) 74 4.6.3 Athi Water Services Board 76 4.6.4 Tana Water Services Board 76 4.6.5 Water Resource Management Authority (WRMA) 77 4.6.6 Water Services Regulatory Board 77 4.6.7 Water Services Providers 77 4.6.8 County Government of Murang’a 78 5.0 ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES 79 5.1 INTRODUCTION 79 5.2 NO PROJECT ALTERNATIVE 79 5.3 FUNDAMENTAL ALTERNATIVES 79 5.3.1 Development alternatives 80 5.3.2 Location alternatives 80 5.4 INCREMENTAL ALTERNATIVES 80 5.4.1 Layout alternatives 80 5.4.2 Alternative construction materials and technology 80 6.0 PUBLIC CONSULTATIONS AND PARTICIPATION 82 6.1 BACKGROUND 82 6.1.1 Objectives of the Public Consultations 82 6.2 STAKEHOLDER CONSULTATIONS 83 6.3. PUBLIC SENSITIZATION 90 6.4 PERCEPTIONS AND SUPPORT OF THE PROPOSED PROJECT 93 6.5 PROBLEMS AFFECTING PEOPLE IN THE AREA 93 7.0 ASSESSMENT OF IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES 95 7.1 INTRODUCTION 95 7.2 POSITIVE IMPACTS DURING PLANNING AND DESIGN PHASE 97 7.2.1 Employment opportunities 97 7.2.2 Creation of awareness 97 7.3 NEGATIVE IMPACTS DURING PLANNING AND DESIGN PHASE 98 7.4 POSITIVE IMPACTS DURING CONSTRUCTION PHASE 98 7.4.1 Employment opportunities 98 7.4.2 Creation of a market for construction 99 7.5 NEGATIVE IMPACTS DURING CONSTRUCTION 99 7.5.1 Interference with the physical setting 99 7.5.2 Interruption of existing installations on the pipeline route 100 7.5.3 Land take 100 7.5.4 Noise generation 101 7.5.5 Dust emissions 102 7.5.6 Disposal of spoil 103 7.5.7 Solid waste generation 103 7.5.8 Vegetation loss 104 7.5.9 Accidental Spills and Leakages 104 7.5.10 Workers accidents and hazards 105 7.5.11 Extraction and use of construction materials 105 7.5.12 Increased water demand 106 7.5.13 Archaeological and other cultural properties 106 iii ESIA Project Report for Murang’a Water Supply May 2015 7.5.14 Increase in HIV/AIDS prevalence and other STIs 107 7.5.15 Spread of communicable diseases and other infections 107 7.5.16 Immigration and settlement 108 7.5.17 Growth of unplanned settlements 108 7.5.18 Child labour 108 7.6 POSITIVE IMPACTS DURING OPERATION 109 7.6.1 Improved water quality and quantity 109 7.6.2 Creation of job opportunities 109 7.6.3 Improved performance and living standards within the project area 109 7.6.4 Creation of wealth 110 7.6.5 Reduced exposure to health risks and improved nutrition 110 7.6.6 Sustainability of the Water Service Providers 110 7.6.7 Enhanced gender and participation in development 110 7.6.8 Education benefits to girl child 110 7.7 NEGATIVE IMPACTS DURING OPERATION PHASE 110 7.7.1 Reduced downstream flows 110 7.7.2 Increased domestic wastewater generation 111 7.7.3 Sludge management 111 7.7.4 Back wash water 112 7.7.5 Chemical handling 112 7.7.6 Solid waste generation and disposal 113 7.7.7 Noise generation and vibration 113 7.7.8 Emergency preparedness 114 7.7.9 Energy management 114 7.8 IMPACTS DURING DECOMMISSIONING PHASE 115 8.0 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN 117 8.1 OVERVIEW 117 8.2 CONSTRUCTION ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLANS 117 8.3 OPERATIONS ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLANS 118 8.4 MONITORING AND EVALUATION 129 8.5 DECOMMISSIONING PLAN 133 9.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 134 10.0 APPENDICES 136 iv ESIA Project Report for Murang’a Water Supply May 2015 LIST OF TABLES Table 1-1: Administrative units covered by the project ...................................................... 2 Table 2-1: Project Cost ....................................................................................................... 15 Table 3-1: Major soil types in the project area ................................................................... 17 Table 3-2: List of tree species found in the project area..................................................... 19 Table 3-3: Types and status of wildlife in forests within the project area ......................... 20 Table 3-4: Population in the project area ........................................................................... 20 Table 3-5: Housing conditions ........................................................................................... 26 Table 3-6: Sources of energy for cooking and lighting ...................................................... 27 Table 3-7: Mode of water treatment .................................................................................. 29 Table 3-8: Health Indicators – Murang’a District .............................................................. 29 Table 3-9: Existing land use within the proposed project study area ................................ 32 Table 3-10: Land use systems in drylands .......................................................................... 32 Table 3-11: Reason for keeping the livestock .................................................................... 34 Table 4-1: Quality standards for sources of domestic water .............................................. 43 Table 4-2: Maximum permissible noise levels ................................................................... 46 Table 4-3: Maximum permissible noise levels for construction sites (measurement taken within the facility) ............................................................................................................. 48 Table 4-4: Provisions under the Occupational Safety and Health Act, 2007 ..................... 60 Table 6-1: Summary of discussions with key stakeholders within Murang’a County ....... 83 Table 6-2: Public consultation meetings during ESIA ....................................................... 90 Table 6-3: Photo log of various meetings held during the ESIA study .............................. 92 Table 7-1: Summary of environmental and social impacts ................................................ 95 Table 7-2: Summary of compensation budget.................................................................. 101 Table 8-1: Environmental and Social Management Plan ................................................. 119 Table 8-2: Monitoring checklist ....................................................................................... 130 v ESIA Project Report for Murang’a Water Supply May 2015 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1-1: Location of Murang’a County within Kenya ...............................................