n amin Mar un th e Present Pa riarch an th e 1 8th Catholicos y Shim , t d 3 Ass n h ristian C urch was consecrate A ril 1 2 1 0 yria C h , d p , 9 3 e wields h is author ity from the little Alpine v illage of Quc h anis in the Kur h and 1 du- ect lme al s n a v of t he Mountai ns . bears t e title s the repre e t ti e prelate wh o sat sxx t h at t he Council of Nicea Th e D e ath of a Nation The Ever Persecuted Nestoriano or By Abraham Yohannan, Ph .D . With 27 Illustrations and a Map ’ G . P. Putnam s Sons New Yorkand L ondon t he ‘lmtclmboclm mm 191 6 Q. THE AFFL ICTED CON UNITY OF m ASSYRIAN CHRISTIANS t is 0 mee the w hes of my friends, I have consented to give the history of the neral an to ake li n ge , d m pub c some further i formation on the snfierings and massacres to whi as o ch, the result f this terrible war, they are su to- da bjected y. Nestorians are undergoing from time to time ar e similar t o those that have hm endured Ar nians and s and eir by the me the Jew , th r t eatment by the hostile nations is identical . Of rou l s of Ar nians and ews the t b e the me J , o r hm ui of n h weve , we q te te , while the Nestorians in rsia an ur n Pe d T key, by reaso , ro a l of eir s all nu er and lackof p b b y, th m mb li rar r r sen i os te y ep e tat ves, have excited alm t no in terest . They have no advocates in the ci i s t e of Europe and Asia. I n the highlands vi Preface of k n rsia Tur ey a d Pe , they l a r or a vis r and are rar l visi e de d e , e y ted by travelers. Of the world outside the region in li no no in which they ve they k w th g . They are hemmed in by the fastnesses of the in i l oun ains hosp tab e m t . During a titanic struggle marking the death of n ions W il oral oun a ions of at , h e the m f d t orl s to o it is not an the w d eem be m ved, easy matter to awaken interest in small com munities Which heretofore have claimed but little of the thought or concern of the public ; but the tragedy enacted against the Syrian Nestorians in rumia rsia in ro or ion U , Pe , p p t to ir nu rs and social condi ion is the mbe t , ar dl uall and n r c in his h y eq ed , eve ex eeded or h as rou al ul influence t y . It b ght b ef , de v astatin li and hi ous cri s in its g b ght, de me rain No su issu s a r or t . ch e h ve eve bef e confronted Christian states as those raised urin his war d g t . A large part of the material used in this oo h as n a r o arious sourc s b k bee g the ed fr m v e , and in order to be more accurate in the state Preface vii I av uote e sometimes ver ment , h e q d th m. “ bally. As Montaigne wrote : I have made brought nothing of my own. but the thread that ties them together . In preparing this little workI have tried t recia ion to m re o giv e credit, with app t . y p decessors; a glance at the footnotes will prov e this. I have freely quoted from the able — Church and have often consulted Dr. ’ ’ L abourt 8 L a Christianisme dons I Empire P arse. Mr L re nd r To Dr. Shedd, . aba e, a othe members of the Amm'iean Mission in Urumia on the events that tookplace in Urumia and its surrounding district s during the Turkish and Kurdish invasion ; and for the aid they have giv en me on special points. It is a pleasing duty to ex press my sincere thanks to Professor W. W. Rockwell of the nion olo ical eminar and Dr. h arl s U The g S y, C e viii Preface rendered in reading and correcting ev ery page of roo it ca ro o osi or n p f as me f m the c mp t , a d to of NEW You , September. 1916. CONTENTS Bmu oc u m A PERSE CUTED CH URCH — ' I . FOUNDATION on THE Ns s rom CHURCH UNDER THE PARTHI - ANS (50 225A.D .) II — EDESSA m STARTING Pom'r — III . MISSION or MARI — IV. THE CHURCH UNDER THE SAS SANIAN c s (225—651 ) — ' V. Tm: Emscom m or PAPA VL — TB E GREAT PERSECUTION op HAP R . ZUL AKTAF S U II , (339 379) VIL — Rnoncm m n on or PERSIAN ' Ns sronmn CHURCH (379- 399) ix x Contents ’ AGB — VIII . Cntmcn DURING THE Rmcn or YAZDIGIRD I (399- 420) — S T or YAZDI IX . PER ECU ION GIRD — X . PERSECUTION or Baum V Gun AND ms COUNCIL (42 1 - 456) — > XII . Tmum n or NESTORIAN CHURCH — ~ . PATRIARCH MARABHA ANUSHI R XIII , WAN AND THE R Pno- Cmus , O mm KINGS — T XIV. THE Ns sr omm TABL E — XV . Tas EL ECTION or SABHRISHO (596- 604) — XVI . Om s n MEANS or SPREADING Cnmsrmm'rv — Anvsm r L XVII . o IS AM — L I XVIII . Sm c TERATURE — s NDER ARAB XIX . THE Cumsm m U RUL E THE CONSTITUTI ON OF OMAR Contents ’ AGI - IN XX . CAL IPHS INTERESTED Remm OUS QUESTIONS — FL OF THE A Y I A XXI . IN UENCE SS R N PHYSICIANS UPON Cu xm s — P T BY THE AL XXII . ERSECU ION C IPHS - I TIA ZAT on T XXIII . CHR S NI ION HE KA RIAT Tums — T1m CL AX or m Ns sro XXIV. IM m CHURCH - T1m N AL L r m NE S XXV . DOW F o TORIAN CHURCH UNDE R THE MONGOL KHANS — NSL A HT XXVI . T1m O UG or m TAR TAB S AND KURDS A CHAP TER OF HORRORS — R I TORM E ER I . U UM A THE S C NT — II . T1m Fu cnr - O SE O GE III . TB E H U F REFU — F 1 IV. STATEMENT O GE RMAN M 5 SIONARIE S x ii Contents V — A H M1ssmmmv . EROIC — VI A nu. H I . G ERO NE II - V . Tms AMERICAN FL AG FEARED — MA SA R AND RAP WE VIII . S C E INE RE THE ORDER OF 1 rm: DAY — Hm m ss Asu ssms IX . THE — TAT T A M A Y XI . S EMEN OF ISSION R IN Ummm P IA , ERS - RED ORROR XII . H — R P XIII . A E — AB TI XIV. DUC ON ' ' - E r rro XVI . x on n — T IA m m K STA XVII . NES OR NS URDI N MOUNTAINS INDEX x iv Illustrations Courtesy of F. C. Burlcitt EDESSA SE APUR THE NESTORIAN TABL ET Ponn ons or rm: Ns s'rom TABL ET Scmm ns TAT m ac AND An QUO ION, S ' - mc . S r. KE x n. 10 . DATED 1 2 6 LU , 3 7 A.D. (Komafim) From Vambéry, Travel s in Central Asia 1 ABRAHAM Ma 83 mm, 1 36m PAm u cn OF THE ASSYRIAN Cmusm s REFUGEES n on THE KURDI STAN MOUN 1: TAINS 1 THE RUSSIAN CONSUL ATE , URUMIA, Pansm Illustrations I V A CARAVAN OF THE Camsmm Fu m e s Fu mmc n on m fi l m sn MASSACRE ru ns IN c 1r1 AWEDDING Pnocs ssmN IN Ulumm REFUGEE GmL s FROM THE KURDISTAN MOUNTAINS KURDI SH INFANTRY AND A Tunmsn Om en THE Jemu) (HOL Y WAR) DECL ARED IN CONSTANTI NOPL E K I S T B Ummm URD H RI ESMEN, Courtesy of Mr. Paul Shiman AGL IMPSE or Ummm Htcnwu THROUGH WHICH THE Pu m ancn L ED 1 1m REFUGEE S EV . K. Omsno AND ms C IL MEM R H DREN, BERS or 1 111: Pansscu'mn Cnmsrmn CHURCH m URUMIA, Ps asm MAP 01? m s TERRITORY on THE ASSYRIAN CHRI STIANS At the L IST OF WORKS REFERRED TO DR QUOTED FROM - Acta S. Maris cd. Abbeloos. Brux lles ei , e L p z i 88 . g, 1 5 Arnol h Wes mins er d. Preac ing of Islam. t t . 1 896 . ss ols. A emani. Bibliotheca Orientalis. 4 v - om 1 1 28 . R e, 7 9 n Ando. Dictionnaire de la Langue Chaldéen e. M 8 ossoul , 1 97 . - ad e . Nes n . 2 ols. B g r t01 ians a d their Rituals v , New Yor 1 8 2 . k, 5 h ebre us. hroni Eocl ols cd. Bar C con os . 3 v , — Abbeloos and am . L ovann 1 8 2 . L y , 7 77 d cta Mart r m n r m. 8 Be jen.