THEATER STEREO FOR THE HOME Richard M. Wolfe Twentieth Century-Fox Telecommunications Stereo simulcasts for certain tele­ for many special off-screen effects such vision programs via FM radio, both direct as thunder, rain, airplanes, explosions, and over cable, have been done for many and the like . years. Video cassettes and video discs now provide an additional source of stereo This theatrical stereo technique be­ sound for television in the home. Up to came quite successful and was used for a now, such stereo has been two channels number of major films in the years follow­ (left and right) only. Thirty-five milli­ ing THE ROBE. There were problems however. meter motion picture stereo is presently The magnetic striping and real time re­ four-channel stereo. Today a technique cording on release prints was expensive, exists to transmit four channel theatri­ and playback headware and system alignment cal stereo into the home via any cable, in the various theaters around the world FM broadcast, or home video delivery required frequent attention and mainte­ system. By use of a special Dolby Stereo nance. Many theaters complained about decoder, the four channels can then be these problems and in the early 1970's recovered which provides audio quality Dolby Laboratories, whose name today is and realism equal to or better than that well known for the development of audio obtainable in the typical motion picture noise reduction systems, began the develop­ theater of today. With a large screen ment of a new theatrical stereo process to TV this system can truly convert tele­ try to solve these problems. The Dolby vision viewing into the stereo theater stereo development incorporated two major of the home. concept changes as compared to the discreet four-track magnetic system. The first was the use of a stereo matrix process. This matrix technique involves combining the four left, center, right, and surround In 1953, 20th Century-Fox released signals into a two-channel encoded signal, the first motion picture in Cinemascope which then contains all of the information with stereophonic sound. This sound was present in the original four signals, but recorded using four separate magnetic requires only two recording channels rather soundtracks and released on prints which than four. The second was the development were equipped with four magnetic stripes of a two-channel optical recording device running along the film located inside and so that two high quality optical sound­ outside the film sprocket holes. These tracks could be placed on the release four tracks were recorded with sound de­ prints in the space previously occupied by signed to be played back over three the single monaural optical track, in use large speaker systems behind the screen, since the beginning of motion picture sound. and a group of smaller speakers located This improvement meant that this two-chan­ in the rear of the theater. The three nel optical track could be printed onto screen speakers were arranged with one in release prints during normal laboratory the center, one on the left, and one on picture printing and developed as part of the right. In this way, the location of the picture processing and development, a the sound source could be made to match process revision that eliminated the cost the location of the picture action across of magnetic striping and recording each the screen face using sound from three of print. the tracks. The fourth track contained a rear "surround" channel designed to be Theaters were then equipped with com­ played back over a "curtain" of speakers patible two-channel optical playback read­ all connected together and placed around ers which could read both traditional mono the rear and side walls of the theater. tracks and the new Dolby stereo optical This surround channel was used to provide twin tracks interchangeably. In addition ambiance, or reverberation for music, and 5 to the two-channel optical reader, the To date, over 400 titles have been re­ projection rooms were also equipped with leased using the 35mm Dolby stereo process a matrix decoder to unscramble the two­ and many have also been released in the track audio signal back into the original 70mm format with six channel discreet four discreet signals: left, center, stereo, which continues to utilize magnet­ right, and rear surround. ically striped prints similar to the old 35mm format but with six tracks instead of The Dolby theatrical matrix system is four. Stereo continues to be a popular analogous to the CBS/Sony SQ or Sansui QS release format and more and more pictures "Quad" systems for home stereo of some continue to be released in this form each years ago, but the Dolby encoding/decoding year. system is somewhat less complex. With Quad, two channels are used in front and Feature motion pictures have been two channels are placed in the rear of the transmitted over television since tele­ listening environment. This gives a vision began in the late 1940's. The tra­ listener the ability to hear an apparent ditional film medium of supply was the sound source in a 360 degree horizontal 16mm print which, while it produced a location around the listener. The Dolby usable image, has a monaural optical sound­ technique relocates the channels, with track of very limited frequency response, three channels in front, in the plane of high noise and high distortion; definitely the visual action, and one channel in the lo fi and non-stereo. When cable came rear. This speaker placement concentrates along, the 3/4" U-matic cassette, usually the sound in the picture area while still made from the same 16mm prints used by TV allowing some source of sound from the stations, became the standard for those rear. The Dolby speaker locations do not systems who wanted to originate their own allow specific localization of sounds at movie showings. These again were lo fi, various points across the rear or along mono, and had a poorer quality picture the theater side walls, but is intended than even the direct projection of 16mm to give the primary sound focus across the film. screen. Dialogue, however, is place only in the front center channel. This helps to Today, however, things are changing. minimize crosstalk with the rear, where The recent advent of stereo VHS and Beta dialogue is undesired. A time delay cir­ cassette recorders and of the Laserdisc cuit is also incorporated in the rear and the RCA CEO videodisc with high quality channel to further minimize crosstalk in stereo audio have created a demand for the rear channel. The rear signal is motion picture in the home with high delayed so that any front channel signal quality stereo sound. will arrive at a viewer's ears at least 30 milliseconds before a signal from the rear. The decision of MTV and The Movie The Haas effect then insures that rear Channel to transmit much of their program­ channel crosstalk will be undiscerniole. ming in stereo creates additional demand for stereo film product. And, when the The Dolby theatrical stereo system FCC approves stereo audio for television also makes use of the noise reduction broadcast stations, the demand for stereo systems for which the company is best known. movies will again increase. It is also. The two encoded channels are recorded with reasonable to assume that the other nat1on­ the professional A type system on the opti­ al pay movie service~ ~ike HBO, Showtime! cal track giving a signal to noise ratio of Disney, and local or1g1nators.as.well, w1ll about 60 db and optical galvanometer im­ also convert to stereo transm1ss1on at some provements provide a flat frequency re­ point in the near future. sponse from about 20Hz to beyond 15kHz. This is a great improvement over tradition­ Since the advent of the 35mm Dolby al mono optical soundtracks which are matrix stereo system, almost all of the limited to about 8 kHz in 35mm and about major studios have been producing 35mm 5 kHz in 16mm. In order to further mini­ encoded mag track masters,containing the mize .unwanted noise from the rear surround two matrix soundtrack signals, which are channel speakers, which are often quite used to create a two-track Dolby optical close to the ears of viewers located in printing negative. These matrix encoded the rear of the theater, and which fre­ mag tracks have a compatibility feature quently have "no signal" conditions, the such that if they are played over a normal additional use of a modified form of the two-channel left and right stereo system, home B type noise reduction is used as well they will produce excellent two-channel to further suppress the noise in this stereo. The hidden, or encoded, center channel. and rear surround channels are just not recovered. But, if the two-channel signal is played through a matrix decoder, 6 the center and rear surround signals can closer to the experience of the theater. be heard and the full four-channel theater Instead of looking into the action from sound recovered. a separated location, the viewer becomes a part of the action environment; a tech­ For the past two years, 20th Century­ nique that theaters have been using for Fox, and some of the other major studios, years. Since excellent software product have been using Dolby matrix encoded mag of this type is now available in any home track masters as the sound source for video store, and the decoder hardware is master videotape transfers of stereo film now becoming readily available in the high features. These video masters are then fi and stereo equipment shops in the coun­ used as the source of pay TV, home video, try, the public is starting to experience and syndication tape and disc copies.