HISTORICAL IRRIGATION IN THE PLAIN OF BAYBURT İSPANYA GRENADA’DA 1999 YILINDA GERÇEKLEŞEN 17TH ICID (INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS ON IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE) KONGRESİ İÇİN HAZIRLANMIŞTIR MAKALE, BİLDİRİLER KİTABINDA SAYFA 71-86 R 7 OLARAK YAYINLANMIŞTIR KATILMADIĞIMIZ BU TOPLANTIYA BU İMKAN PROF. DR. H. FAHLBUSCH TARAFINDAN SAĞLANMIŞTIR BİLGİSAYARLI RESİMLER ÖZTUĞ BİLDİRİCİ TARAFINDAN GERÇEKLEŞTİRİLMİŞTİR 1 2 3 4 5 HISTORICAL IRRIGATION IN THE PLAIN OF BAYBURT IRRIGATION HISTORIQUE DANS LA PLAINE DE BAYBURT MEHMET BİLDİRİCİ İ. ÖZTUĞ BİLDİRİCİ Civil Engineer Surveying Engineer Atakan Sokak 11/7 Mecidiyeköy- İstanbul İTÜ Faculty of Civil Engineering İstanbul Turkey Turkey ABSTRACT Bayburt is a small city in the Eastern Black Sea region on the Trabzon-Iran transit route. It has 34.000 inhabitants according to 1990 census. Bayburt is 176 km far from Trabzon on the Black Sea coast and 124 km from Erzurum on the silk route to Iran and Asian continent. Bayburt Plain is surrounded by the mountains in the North and in the South as Karadeniz and Otlukbeli mountains. Average altitude of the plain is 1800-1500 meter. Bayburt city center is in the Eastern part of the plain. Bayburt Plain is set on the headwaters of Çoruh River. The creeks, Pulur, Lori, Haho and the Çoruh River irrigate the semi arid plain with earth canals without monumental structures that have been constructed in the old ages. Old irrigation systems in Bayburt Plain are very important in the economic life of today, even in the past. It can be accepted as the granary of Black Sea region. In this article we will try to discover these historical irrigation systems in the perspective of the history of the region. RESUME Bayburt est une petite ville qui de trouve dans la region de l’orient de Karadeniz. Elle est en meme Temps un passage sur la destination vers Trabzon-Erzurum ainsi que vers le pays de l’İran. 34.000 d’habitant restent dans cette ville. La distance entre la ville d’Erzurum avec Bayburt est 124 km , avec Trabzon est 176 km . Le hauteur de la mere de cette ville est 1800-1500 m La plaine de Bayburt a des ressources de l’irrigation comme la riviere de Çoruh ainsi que cette reviere de nouverie avec les revierlettes de Pulur, Lori et avec Haho 80 villages de la region profitent depuis les anciens temps jusq au nos jours avec de l’eau de revieres,grace a cela la plainte de Bayburt procure le besoine de l’agriculture de toute la region de l’orient de Karadeniz. Dans notre expose nous tacherons d’analyser et d’expliquer le system d’irrigation historique de cette region. 6 1. INTRODUCTION Modern Turkey, Anatolia, or Asia Minor in the past, was the cradle of several civilizations since the Neolithic era. Many races and civilizations passed in the region. Trabzon, a big and populous city in the sea side, Gümüşhane and Bayburt inside have been the centers of trade and culture in the Eastern Black Sea region. All have rich historical background with the masterworks and the edifices of Roman, Byzantine, Armenian, Pontus, Seljuk and Ottoman periods. The irrigation systems, roads, underground water mains etc. are substructures without having monumental edifices that are very important in the economic life of the cities. There are so many irrigation systems to be explored and investigated in Turkey. This branch of the history is very new even in Europe. We have found very important documents from “Devlet Su İşleri” - shortly DSİ- (State Hydraulic Works) about the irrigation systems of Bayburt Plain and visited the area and decided to discover the systems (DSİ 1960 and DSİ 1987). 2. WATER RESOURCES The climate of the region is semi arid with dry summers and cold moist winters. The annual precipitation is about 450 mm, this value is over 2500 mm in the coastal province centre of Rize. The water resources of Bayburt Plain, which is surrounded in the North and South by the mountains, are the creeks as Pulur, Lori, Haho and Çoruh rivers shown in Figure 1. The creeks Pulur, Lori and Haho unite at Çıphınıs and are named as Çoruh, which was Akampsis in the past. It flows over Bayburt to İspir, Yusufeli, Artvin Borçka and crosses the Turkish border enters into the Republic of Georgia and flows into the Black Sea. The hydrological documents about Çoruh at Laleli (Kındız) observation point, 53 km from Bayburt on Çoruh River according to EİE-1995 during the years between1971-1989 are shown in Table 1. Table 1: The hydrological documents about Çoruh Average Discharge 26.4 m³/sec Minimum Discharge 3.2 m³/sec Average discharge in the irrigation period 9 m³/sec Length of Çoruh in Turkey 422 km Length of Çoruh in Georgia 24 km Average Discharge at Borçka 202 m³/sec Minimum Discharge at Borçka 39 m³/sec Maximum Discharge at Borçka 2400 m³/sec 7 8 9 10 Figure 4: Çayıryolu and Masat irrigation projects that were planned by DSİ (Les plans d’irrigation Çayıryolu et Masat conçus par le DSİ) 3. IRRIGATION SYSTEM In over 80 villages of Bayburt Plain, the villagers have been irrigating their dry lands for centuries with simple earth canals that have been constructed by them in old ages. These villages and their water resources are shown in Figure 1, 2 and 3. The written documents come only from DSİ (DSİ 1960) which were collected and published by the order of Turkish President Süleyman Demirel than who was the General Director of DSİ in 1960. On the other hand I visited the plain in 1993 and discussed the system with Arpalı (Niv) Mayor Arif Polattimur who was Arpalı Mayor between the years 1970-1980 and 1984-1994. Arpalı (Niv) is a crowded habitation centre with the biggest irrigated lands of 1800 hectare. It is done with 7 sluice gates from June to October. Tekin Çoruh (1939), a native of Bayburt and engineer at DSİ Istanbul Directorate, had been worked in Bayburt Plain between the years 1966-1980. He visited the villages one by one at that time. It is a chance for me to meet him and discuss the system. The irrigated areas, water resources and the populations of 82 villages are shown in Table 2. – 12 11 Table 2: Pulur Creek (Gökçedere ) Villages Names (Old-New) Water Resources Irrigated Population Name of Creeks Areas (ha) Çorozma- Petekli Çorozma 30 307 Yakupabdal Yakupabdal 80 522 Kütüdü- Çimentepe Pulur 30 131 PULUR- Gökçedere Pulur 300 2701 Hiğni – Bayrampaşa Pulur 100 182 Cebre- Çakıröz Pulur 80 205 Yukarı Hınzaveg-Çatalçeşme Pulur 150 244 SÜNÜR - Çayıryolu Pulur + Kitre 300 661 Manası- Gündoğdu Pulur 100 145 Kitre - - Kitre 80 513 Eymür - - Gökçe 50 327 TOTAL 1300 Table 3 Lori Creek ( Başpınar Creek ) Villages Names (Old-New) Water Resources Irrigated Population Name of Creeks Areas (ha) Yukarı Lori-Başpınar Lori 500 757 Aşağı Lori - Yazıbaşı Lori 300 437 Cenci - Işıkova Lori 150 183 Zarani -Güçlü Zarani 60 154 Aşutka- Güvercindere Lori 100 110 Karayaşmak - - Lori 100 138 KSANTA- Demirözlü Lori 250 2452 Yanbaksı- Güneşli Lori 50 290 Hardişi -Çiftetaş Lori 60 248 Çorak- - Lori 100 134 Çıphınıs- Kırkpınar Lori +Siptoros 600 679 TOTAL 2270 12 Table 4: Tahsini Creek Villages Names (Old-New) Water Resources Irrigated Population Name of Creeks Areas (ha) Tahsini- Ozansu Tahsini 70 483 Bildiç- Soğukgöze Tahsini 10 152 Zeyli - Güllüce Tahsini 70 161 Hakiğ -Çamdere Tahsini 100 123 Pulureg -Yelpınar Tahsini 200 229 Rüştüköy- - Tahsini 200 228 TOTAL 650 Table 5: Haho Creek (Sarıhan Creek) Villages Names (Old-New) Water Resources Irrigated Population Name of Creeks Areas (ha) Haho- Sarıhan Haho 100 128 Yukarı Kışlak- Haho 10 170 Güder- - Haho 70 83 Cemele- Göldere Haho 100 166 Haşya- Aksaçlı Haho 200 119 Aşağı Kışlak- - Haho 100 89 Kelevereg- Sancaktepe Haho 300 460 Hindi -Söğütlü Haho 300 442 Siptoros- Oruçbeyli Haho + Tahsini 300 489 Saraycık- - Horhor 100 41 Cilara- Sakızlı Horhor 100 278 TOTAL 1680 Table 6: Danişment Creek Villages Names (Old-New) Water Resources Irrigated Population Name of Creeks Areas (ha) Berne- Balca Danişment 100 589 Kaliskavar-Kabaçayır Danişment 100 474 Variçna- Mutlu Danişment 600 806 Danişment Danişment 200 536 Zağzik- Yolaltı Danişment 150 428 VARZAHAN-Uğrak Danişment 200 433 Aşağı Tomla-Çiğdemtepe Danişment + Çoruh 100 500 13 Table 7: Masat- Kopuz Creeks Villages Names (Old-New) Water Resources Irrigated Population Name of Creeks Areas (ha) Lipana- Yaylalar Kopuz 50 138 Çitanos- Sırakayalar Kopuz 50 181 Hacıoğlu - - Kopuz 50 232 Kopuz Kopuz 150 138 Manastır- Yalındal Kopuz 150 506 Kurucagöl- - Kopuz 100 - BAYBURT (City Center) Kopuz 800 34000 Aşağı Hayk- Dikmetaş Masat+Çoruh 100 234 TOTAL 1450 Table 8: Çoruh River (Right Shore) Villages Names (Old-New) Water Resources Irrigated Population Name of Creeks Areas (ha) Yukarı Kırzı- - Çoruh 150 913 NİV -ARPALI Çoruh 1800 3544 Pincirge- Çiçekli Çoruh 200 242 Aşağı Hınzaveg-Taşkesen Çoruh 150 174 Kestesi- Alıçlık Çoruh 150 184 TOTAL 2500 Table 9: Çoruh River (Left Shore ) Villages Names (Old-New) Water Resources Irrigated Population Name of Creeks Areas (ha) Kilhuns- Pınargözlü Kilhuns 100 520 Vağında- Çayırköprü Çoruh 200 209 Ardusta- İncili Ardusta 100 488 TOTAL 400 Table 10: Taransos Creek Villages Names (Old-New) Water Resources Irrigated Population Name of Creeks Areas (ha) Taransos- Sorkunlu Taransos 50 210 Erginis- Suludere Taransos 50 220 Diğer Danzut- Başpınar Taransos 50 187 Vahsen- Çatıksu Çoruh 50 735 TOTAL 200 14 Table 11: Gümüşdamla Creek Villages Names (Old-New) Water Resources Irrigated Population Name of Creeks Areas (ha) Zargidi-Gümüşdamla Gümüşdamla 150 544 HART-AYDINTEPE 250 5166 Aşağı Kırzı Çoruh 100 616 TOTAL 500 Table 12: Konursu Creek Villages Names (Old-New) Water Resources Irrigated Population Name of Creeks Areas (ha) Havnus- Sarımeşe Konursu 250 323 Gütgüne-Çiğdemlik Konursu 200 270 Pağnik- Erikdibi Konursu 250 354 Abrans- Akbulut Konursu 250 366 Konursu- -- Konursu 250 2786 Mam - Değirmenlik Konursu 250 307 TOTAL Summarised values are shown in Table 13.