US Department TECHNOLOGY of Agriculture TRANSFER NEW INVADERS OF THE SOUTHEAST Karan A. Rawlins, Rachel L. Winston, Charles T. Bargeron, David J. Moorhead, and Rachel Carroll Forest Health Assessment FHTET-2017-05 and Applied Sciences Team January 2018 The Forest Health Technology Enterprise Team (FHTET) was created in 1995 by the Deputy Chief for State and Private Forestry, USDA, Forest Service, to develop and deliver technologies to protect and improve the health of American forests. FHTET became Forest Health Assessment and Applied Sciences Team (FHAAST) in 2016. This booklet was published by FHAAST as part of the technology transfer series. http://www.fs.fed.us/foresthealth/technology/ Cover photos: a. Aristolochia elegans infestation (Forest & Kim Starr, a d Starr Environmental); b. A. elegans flower (Forest & Kim Starr, Starr b c Environmental); c. Spiraea thunbergii flower Аимаина( хикари); d. S. f g thunbergii infestation (Kenpei); e. Sphagneticola trilobata infestation e h (Forest & Kim Starr, Starr Environmental); f. S. trilobata inflorescence (Dan Clark, USDA National Park Service, bugwood.org); g. Liriope muscari flower (Denis.prévôt); h. L. muscari infestation (David J. Stang) How to cite this publication: Rawlins, K.A., R.L. Winston, C.T. Bargeron, D.J. Moorhead, and R. Carroll. 2018. New Invaders of the Southeast. USDA Forest Service, Forest Health Assessment and Applied Sciences Team, Morgantown, West Virginia. FHTET-2017-05. 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Persons with disabilities who require alternative means of communication for program information (e.g., Braille, large print, audiotape, American Sign Language, etc.) should contact the responsible Agency or USDA’s TARGET Center at (202) 720-2600 (voice and TTY) or contact USDA through the Federal Relay Service at (800) 877-8339. Additionally, program information may be made available in languages other than English. To file a program discrimination complaint, complete the USDA Program Discrimination Complaint Form, AD-3027, found online at http://www.ascr.usda.gov/complaint_filing_cust.html and at any USDA office or write a letter addressed to USDA and provide in the letter all of the information requested in the form. To request a copy of the complaint form, call (866) 632-9992. Submit your completed form or letter to USDA by: (1) mail: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Office of the Assistant Secretary for Civil Rights, 1400 Independence Avenue, SW, Washington, D.C. 20250-9410; (2) fax: (202) 690-7442; or (3) email: program. [email protected]. USDA is an equal opportunity provider, employer, and lender. The use of trade, firm, or corporation names in this publication is for the information and convenience of the reader. Such use does not constitute an official endorsement or approval by the U.S. Department of Agriculture or the Forest Service of any product or service to the exclusion of others that may be suitable. Federal Recycling Program Printed on Recycled Paper NEW INVADERS OF THE SOUTHEAST Karan A. Rawlins Center for Invasive Species and Ecosystem Health, University of Georgia, Tifton, GA [email protected] Rachel L. Winston MIA Consulting, LLC, Sandpoint, ID, [email protected] Charles T. Bargeron Center for Invasive Species and Ecosystem Health University of Georgia, Tifton, GA [email protected] David J. Moorhead Center for Invasive Species and Ecosystem Health, University of Georgia, Tifton, GA [email protected] Rachel Carroll Center for Invasive Species and Ecosystem Health, University of Georgia, Tifton, GA [email protected] This publication is available online at: https://www.fs.fed.us/foresthealth/technology/pdfs/FHTET-2017-05_New_ Invaders_Southeast.pdf Acknowledgments The authors wish to thank Dr. Nancy Loewenstein (Auburn University) for her review and helpful comments on this publication. Some of the material in this guide was revised from the sister guides “New Invaders of the Northwest and Southwest”. We acknowledge and express our appreciation for the additional authors of those guides: Rachel Winston, Carol Bell Randall, Wendy DesCamp, Jennifer Andreas, Joseph Milan, and Mark Schwarzländer. We would like to thank all of the photographers who granted permission for the use of photos. The vast majority were obtained via a Creative Common license and are included herein under the same license; no changes were made to those images. The layout of this guide was designed by Rachel Winston. We also extend our gratitude to Richard Reardon (Forest Service-Forest Health Assessment and Applied Sciences Team) for producing this guide. About This Field Guide ...........................................2 If you find a new invader ..............................................3 Invasive Plant Regulations..................................4 New Invaders .................................................................6 Bluish-Purple Flowers .........................................6 Big blue lilyturf, Liriope muscari............................................................6 Creeping liriope, Liriope spicata ............................................................6 Climbing nightshade, Solanum dulcamara .........................................8 Beach vitex, Vitex rotundifolia ..........................................................10 Green Flowers ........................................................ 12 Japanese sedge, Carex kobomugi .......................................................12 Ravenna grass, Saccharum ravennae .................................................14 Ricegrass paspalum, Paspalum scrobiculatum ....................................16 TABLE OF CONTENTS OF TABLE Tussock paspalum, Paspalum quadrifarium ......................................16 Serrated tussock grass, Nassella trichotoma........................................18 Umbrella plant, Cyperus involucratus ................................................20 Wavyleaf basketgrass, Oplismenus undulatifolius ...............................22 Autumn fern, Dryopteris erythrosora .................................................24 Chinese brake fern, Pteris vittata .....................................................26 Japanese chaff flower, Achyranthes japonica .......................................28 Spiny emex, Rumex spinosus .............................................................30 Mile-a-minute weed, Persicaria perfoliata .........................................32 Norway maple, Acer platanoides .......................................................34 Pinkish-Purple Flowers .................................... 36 Largeflower Mexican clover, Richardia grandiflora ............................36 Spiny plumeless thistle, Carduus acanthoides ....................................38 Black swallow-wort, Vincetoxicum nigrum .......................................40 Calico flower, Aristolochia elegans .....................................................42 Three-lobe morning glory, Ipomoea triloba .......................................44 Marlberry, Ardisia japonica ..............................................................46 New Invaders of the Southeast Reddish Flowers ...................................................48 Roughhairy indigo, Indigofera hirsuta .............................................48 Australian pine, Casuarina equisetifolia ...........................................50 White Flowers ........................................................52 Broadleaved pepperweed, Lepidium latifolium ................................52 Cutleaf teasel, Dipsacus laciniatus ....................................................54 Elephant ear, Xanthosoma sagittifolium ............................................56 Giant hogweed, Heracleum mantegazzianum ..................................58 Narrowleaf bittercress, Cardamine impatiens ...................................60 Air potato, Dioscorea bulbifera ............................................................62 Winged yam, Dioscorea alata ...............................................................62 Jetbead, Rhodotypos scandens ...........................................................64 Sweet mock orange, Philadelphus coronarius ....................................66 Thunberg's meadowsweet, Spiraea thunbergii ..................................68 Brazilian peppertree, Schinus terebinthifolius ...................................70 Turkeyberry, Solanum torvum .........................................................72 Twoleaf nightshade, Solanum diphyllum .........................................74 Melaleuca, Melaleuca quinquenervia ...............................................76 Pagoda tree, Styphnolobium japonicum ............................................78 Tungoil tree, Vernicia fordii.............................................................80 White leadtree, Leucaena leucocephala .............................................82