KEITH KLOOR UFOs Won’t Go Away A community of believers in extraterrestrial visitations continues to push its story, and the media and Pentagon continue to listen. Who benefits from these tales of close encounters? n his annual performance evaluation for his job at the identified flying objects (UFOs) and Bigfoot. The for-profit US Department of Defense (DOD), Luis Elizondo, a ca- venture was called To The Stars Academy of Arts & Science reer military intelligence officer now in his late 40s, was and included former Pentagon and Central Intelligence Ilauded in 2016 for his ability to manage a highly classified Agency (CIA) officials, as well as several scientists contracted program “in a manner that protects US national security over the years by US intelligence agencies. interests on a global scale.” The office Elizondo oversaw had, In mid-December of 2017, several months after Elizondo among other things, “identified and neutralized 6 insider left the DOD, the New York Times reported that he had re- threats” and “co-authored 4 national-level policies involving cently overseen a “shadowy” $22 million Pentagon program covert action.” His work performance was rated as “exem- that investigated UFOs buzzing US military jets and instal- plary.” The evaluator gushed that it “cannot be overstated the lations. The aviation writer Stephen Pope called the article importance of Mr. Elizondo’s portfolio to national security.” “borderline-sensationalist.” The science journalist Jeff Wise So it must have come as a surprise to at least some of said it “gave free rein to claims that the [Pentagon] program Elizondo’s superiors when he departed the Pentagon a year had found evidence of strange aircraft that flew in seemingly later on a sour note. On October 4, 2017, Elizondo submitted impossible ways.” a resignation letter—that he later made public—addressed Regardless, the story was picked up widely in the media. to then Defense Secretary James Mattis, which warned Elizondo, who had served as a primary source for the Times that “bureaucratic challenges and inflexible mindsets” had reporting, talked cryptically about the government’s UFO prevented “anomalous aerospace threats” from being taken program on the major news channels. His credentialed seriously within DOD leadership. There was “overwhelm- background and earnest bearing made people pay attention. ing evidence” of these threats, Elizondo wrote, “at both the Notably, the Miami native did not sound like a crackpot who classified and unclassified levels.” He referred vaguely to had watched too many X-Files episodes. In fact, during his “many instances” of “unusual aerial systems interfering with media blitz Elizondo carefully avoided mentioning the term military weapon platforms and displaying beyond-next-gen- “UFOs” or anything that might be construed as a reference eration capabilities.” The letter urged Mattis “to ask the hard to extraterrestrials. But in one instance he deviated from his questions” about who else might know about these “phe- careful phrasing when he said on CNN, “My personal be- nomena” and their “capabilities.” lief is that there is very compelling evidence we may not be Days after exiting the Pentagon, Elizondo joined a new a l on e .” entertainment and research company cofounded by Tom News of the Pentagon’s UFO program continued to gen- Delonge, formerly the lead singer and guitarist of the band erate headlines as more tidbits dribbled out via Elizondo and Blink-182 and a paranormal enthusiast, who was known for the new company he worked for. Other high-powered mem- spending his time between concert gigs on the hunt for un- bers of the To The Stars Academy also began airing their SPRING 2019 49 close encounters concerns about unknown, physics-defying aircraft showing program: that military and intelligence professionals had come up in US airspace. One of these voices was Chris Mellon, who forward to speak of UFO incidents that they believed should served as the deputy assistant secretary of defense for intelli- be treated as a national security matter. Several historians gence in the Clinton and George W. Bush administrations. (In following this news heard an echo from the past. “What is so this capacity, Mellon oversaw the Pentagon’s most sensitive striking is that the rhetoric hasn’t changed since the late 1940s, and closely held “black” programs.) On March 9, 2018, he in ways that are stunning to me,” says Kathryn Dorsch, a Uni- published an op-ed in the Washington Post titled, “The military versity of Pennsylvania historian whose research connects the keeps encountering UFOs. Why doesn’t the Pentagon care?” rise of the UFO phenomenon to Cold War anxieties. And so, in the span of a few months, a topic long confined Greg Eghigian, a history professor at Penn State, was to the tabloids and fringe media had become a “serious news also taken aback after seeing the flurry of attention to UFOs story” as the Post asserted in its coverage last year, shortly after sparked by the Times story. Like Dorsch, Eghigian studies the it published Mellon’s op-ed. topic through a sociocultural lens. “When all this new stuff broke, I got déjà vu,” he says. We have all been here before To Eghigian and Dorsch, there are striking similarities be- Most scientists with relevant expertise attribute UFO sightings tween a central UFO narrative from the Cold War era and the to misperception of celestial or meteorological phenomena. one getting mainstream media attention of late. The two schol- Distant planets, comets, and clouds have often been mistaken ars also see notable parallels between the cast of characters that for alien spacecraft by sophisticated observers. Even high- drew public attention to UFOs in the 1950s and those doing so ly trained military and commercial airline pilots have been today. known to confuse atmospheric optical phenomena for myste- Which raises the question: Have alien-powered craft been rious flying objects. stalking the skies since the Truman presidency, all the while Still, the disclosure of the Pentagon’s UFO program, which remaining elusive and difficult to positively authenticate? And officially existed between 2008 and 2012, has stirred interest if so, is the “deep state” suppressing that evidence? Or might on Capitol Hill. Members of the House and Senate Armed there be a less extraordinary explanation for a UFO narrative Services Committees have requested details on the program; that has persisted for 70 years, ever since the dawn of the ad- the latter has quietly interviewed a number of the military vanced aerospace age? pilots who claim to have witnessed UFOs while on training missions. Influential to this effort is Mellon, a Washington in- In the beginning sider for decades, who left the Pentagon in the early 2000s, did Historians trace the birth of the UFO phenomenon in the a stint as Democratic staff director for the Senate Intelligence United States to an Associated Press dispatch in the early Committee, and now works alongside Elizondo at the To The summer of 1947. The article stated that a private pilot named Stars Academy, which bills itself as an “initiative mobilizing Kenneth Arnold reported seeing “nine bright saucer-like ob- the brightest minds from within the top-secret shadows of jects” while flying his small airplane above the state of Wash- aerospace, science and the Department of Defense.” That plac- ington—what headline writers described as “flying saucers,” ard is at the top of a company website page that sells branded thus coining a phrase that would soon become lodged in the T-shirts, hoodies, and other merchandise. public’s imagination. Several years ago, Mellon told one interviewer that there Others reported seeing similar objects (also described as were “sufficiently well-documented” UFO cases that “warrant “flying discs”) in the following weeks and months, prompting a scientific investigation of the phenomenon.” I have recently nationwide headlines and an investigation by the US Air Force. discussed with him the merits of this claim in phone and email It was an anxious time: the country was still recovering from conversations. In one such exchange in late 2018, I shared a World War II just as it was reckoning with the Soviet Union’s comment I had received from a prominent astronomer who nuclear ambitions. The flood of flying saucer reports spooked said he was “very skeptical about the alien interpretation of the military. Were people hallucinating, or seeing something UFO reports” that had been circulating in the media. from Moscow or Mars? Experts grasped for answers. A scien- Mellon was indignant. “I did not claim the objects were tist interviewed by the New York Times in July 1947 called it a alien,” he shot back in an email. “Merely real, intelligently con- “mild case of meteorological jitters” and “mass hypnosis.” trolled and not ours—hence the need to investigate further.” But the UFO sightings kept coming in waves over the next Then he added: “Off to Govt mtgs in DC today with people few years. Initially, Air Force investigators thought that the ob- who are on the front lines of this.” In a follow-up exchange lat- jects had been “domestically launched devices such as weather er that day, he mentioned that the people he was working with balloons, rockets, experimental flying wing aircraft, or celestial felt “an urgency to engage Uncle Sam and the public from a phenomenon.” Some investigators gave serious consideration national security standpoint.” to the possibility of extraterrestrials. But by 1949, the official This was also the media’s recent take on the Pentagon’s UFO Air Force position was dismissive of that hypothesis and the 50 ISSUES IN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY close encounters military sought to downplay UFO sightings. also sees the light and gets a radar lock on only to have the This angered a group of well-connected ex-military officers UFO almost impudently outdistance him, there is no sim- who would soon get the ear of the public.