SYNTHETIC VERNACULAR - THE COPRODUCTION OF ARCHITECTURE A thesis submitted to The University of Manchester for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Faculty of Humanities 2013 AMBROSE GILLICK SCHOOL OF ENVIRONMENT, EDUCATION AND DEVELOPMENT 2 Table of Contents SYNTHETIC VERNACULAR - THE COPRODUCTION OF ARCHITECTURE ........ 1 Abstract .......................................................................................................................................... 7 Declaration ................................................................................................................................ 8 Copyright Statement ................................................................................................................ 8 Dedication ................................................................................................................................. 9 Acknowledgement.................................................................................................................... 9 Foreword ..................................................................................................................................... 10 Chapter One - Introduction .......................................................................................................... 12 1.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 12 1.2 Thesis statement ................................................................................................................... 17 1.3 Contributions ........................................................................................................................ 18 1.4 Research Questions .............................................................................................................. 18 1.5 Structure of the thesis .......................................................................................................... 25 Chapter Two - Literature Review ................................................................................................. 27 2.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 27 2.2 Theoretical Frameworks ...................................................................................................... 28 2.2.1 Environmental justice .................................................................................................. 29 2.2.2 Human Scale Development ........................................................................................ 31 2.3 Sustainability.......................................................................................................................... 35 2.4 Sustainable Architecture ...................................................................................................... 36 2.5 Coproduction ........................................................................................................................ 40 2.5.1 How does coproduction happen? .............................................................................. 41 2.5.2 Analytical Framework for coproduction ................................................................... 43 2.5.3 Participation versus coproduction ................................................................................ 44 2.5.3a How does participation happen? .............................................................................. 46 2.5.3b Why is participation good? ........................................................................................ 46 2.5.3c Why is participation problematic? ............................................................................ 47 2.5.3d Why and how is participation different to coproduction? ................................... 49 2.6 Vernacular architecture ........................................................................................................ 52 2.6.1 Themes in vernacular architecture ............................................................................. 53 2.6.2 Vernacular architecture in India ................................................................................. 60 3 2.7 A definition of vernacular architecture .............................................................................. 60 2.8 A definition of synthetic vernacular architecture ............................................................. 62 2.9 Analytical Framework for synthetic vernacular architecture .......................................... 63 Chapter Three - Research Methodology ...................................................................................... 67 3.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 67 3.2 Methodological Precedent ................................................................................................... 68 3.3 Research Questions .............................................................................................................. 73 3.4 Methodologies ....................................................................................................................... 77 3.4.1 What is a research methodology? ............................................................................... 78 3.4.2 Quantitative and Qualitative Research Strategies ..................................................... 78 3.4.3 Ethnography .................................................................................................................. 80 3.4.4 Design Analysis ............................................................................................................. 87 3.5 Proposed methodological framework ................................................................................ 89 3.6 Research fieldwork ............................................................................................................... 90 3.7 Tactics ..................................................................................................................................... 92 3.7.1 Community discussions / Focus groups ................................................................... 92 3.6.2 Individual interviews ..................................................................................................... 93 3.6.3 Design and Technical analysis ..................................................................................... 95 3.6.4 Libraries and Archival Sources .................................................................................... 95 3.6.5 Networks ........................................................................................................................ 96 3.8 Notes on Methodological Development ........................................................................... 98 3.8.1 Limitations .................................................................................................................. 102 Chapter Four - Case studies ........................................................................................................ 105 4.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 105 4.2 Hunnarshālā ........................................................................................................................ 111 4.2.1 Form ............................................................................................................................. 111 4.2.2 Agenda ......................................................................................................................... 113 4.2.3 Processes ..................................................................................................................... 119 4.2.5 Summary - Precedent, Intention and Realisation .................................................. 122 4.3 Sadar Nagar ......................................................................................................................... 123 4.3.1 Precedent ..................................................................................................................... 128 4.3.2 Intention ...................................................................................................................... 134 4.3.3 Realisation ................................................................................................................... 143 4.3.4 Analysis ........................................................................................................................ 151 4 4.3.5 Summary ...................................................................................................................... 176 4.4 Hodka ................................................................................................................................... 177 4.4.1 Precedent ..................................................................................................................... 183 4.4.2 Intention ...................................................................................................................... 185 4.4.3 Realisation .................................................................................................................... 188 4.4.4 Analysis .......................................................................................................................