IUBS DAB Disaster and Biodiversity Edited by Harufumi Nishida Jun Yokoyama Steven J. Wagstaff Paul Callomon Biology International Special Issue No 36 BIOLOGY INTERNATIONAL The News Magazine of the International Union of Biological Sciences Special Issue 36 Published on-line on 31 July, 2017 Editors Harufumi Nishida, Chuo University; Graduate School, University of Tokyo, Japan Jun Yokoyama, Yamagata University, Japan Steven J. Wagstaff, New Zealand Paul Callomon, Academy of Natural Sciences of Drexel University, U.S.A Editorial Board Member Kaiyun Guan, China Masahiro Ohara, Hokkaido University, Japan Suzuki Mahoro, Iwate Prefectural Museum, Japan. Satoquo Seino, Kyushu University Furuta Naoya, Taisho University In accordance with the decision made at the 12th General Assembly of the International Union of Biological Sciences in 2015, this volume of Biology International is published as an on-line pdf version. The publication is edited by a temporarily organized editorial board. (C) 2017 International Union of Biological Sciences DAB Disaster and Biodiversity Special Issue 36 Biology International International Union of Biological Sciences 2017 ii Contents Preface 2 Hiroyuki Takeda, IUBS President 1. Aims, Scopes and Results 3 Harufumi Nishida The Influence of Disasters on Biodiversity Chapter editors: Jun Yokoyama, Kaiyun Guan, Steven J. Wagstaff 2. Disaster and Biodiversity (DAB): Definition and Challenge 8 Kunio Iwatsuki 3. Natural disasters and biodiversity: a review of various types of disaster and their effects on biodiversity 17 Jun Yokoyama 4. Disaster and biodiversity in China 30 Kaiyun Guan 5. Disasters and biodiversity in the Ring of Fire of the Indonesian archipelago 39 Dedy Darnaedi and Iskandar Zulkarnaen 6. Disaster and biodiversity in New Zealand: review and considerations 46 Steven J. Wagstaff 7. Disaster-induced changes in coastal wetlands and soft-bottom habitats: an overview of the impacts of the 2011 tsunami and Great East Japan Earthquake 62 Gen Kanaya, Takao Suzuki, Kyoko Kinoshita, Masatoshi Matsumasa, Katsumasa Yamada, Koji Seike, Kenji Okoshi, Osamu Miura, Shizuko Nakai, Waka Sato-Okoshi, and Eisuke Kikuchi 8. Impact of the 2011 Tohoku Earthquake Tsunami on marine and coastal organisms 81 Osamu Miura and Gen Kanaya Natural history collections, their importance and conservation Chapter Editors: Suzuki Mahoro, Masahiro Ohara, Paul Callomon 9. Museum specimens and their meanings 94 Paul Callomon 10. Why natural history specimens were ‘rescued’ 104 Makoto Manabe, Suzuki Mahoro, Martin J. Janal, and Masaru Kumagai 11. Salvage of natural history collections after natural disasters 108 Martin J. Janal iii 12. Salvage and restoration of natural history collections damaged by the 2011 tsunami in Japan 119 Suzuki Mahoro and Makoto Manabe 13. How should we prepare for the next disaster? The present situation of Japanese biodiversity heritage in museums, with strategies for Conservation 133 Daisuke Sakuma 14. Disaster preparedness and response: best practices, training, and networking to protect natural heritage collections in North America 140 Mariko Kageyama Reconstruction Activity and Biodiversity Chapter Editors: Satoquo Seino, Furuta Naoya 15. Ecosystem-based disaster risk reduction: a review of recent progress and remaining gaps 154 Furuta Naoya 16. “Living with the Sea”– The Folklore of Adaptive Reconstruction 164 Hajime Chiba 17. Huge sea wall construction after the Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami: Conflicts and lessons learned (article in preparation) 170 Satoquo Seino Appendix 478 Days of Challenge – our proposal for a new Disaster Prevention Park in Gamou Yu Natori, and Susumu Ogawa iv Preface Disaster and Biodiversity (DAB, 2013-2016) was one of six scientific programmes directly supported by IUBS, the International Union of Biological Sciences. IUBS is a non-governmental, non-profit organization, established in 1919, consisting of more than 30 countries and 80 academic societies all over the world. IUBS functions as an umbrella for biologists by promoting interdisciplinary cooperation and meetings on global issues such as the effect of global warming on biodiversity and ecology and also by assisting young scientist to attend related international meetings, particularly those who come from developing countries. The 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake caused a tsunami and nuclear accident that heavily damaged local communities and the natural environment. The loss of biodiversity and preCious biologiCal reCords in nationally significant museums was also a matter of serious concern. DAB led by Prof. H. Nishida aimed at the establishment of international disciplines and protocols for monitoring and managing the influences of disaster on biodiversity and biologiCal resourCes at the initial stage following a disaster, and organizing an effective collaborative system to Cope with future events. This aim was well appreciated at the IUBS General Assembly in 2012, and the proposal was approved as a scientific programme from 2013 to 2015. This special issue summarizes the results of three years’ discussions with internationally distinguished scientists in workshops and a symposium that was held in Sendai, a city damaged by the 2011 earthquake. I, as the President of IUBS, really hope that this issue will give al lits readers direction on how to cope with future big disasters in terms of biodiversity and collection preservation. We should be prepared for disasters that undoubtedly will happen again somewhere in the near future. Finally, I sincerely thank Prof. Nishida for his devotion to DAB and thank all participants (citizens, professionals and NGO members) who supported and got involved in the activity of DAB. Prof. Hiroyuki Takeda Dean of School of Science, University of Tokyo President of IUBS 1 Aims, Scopes and Results Harufumi Nishida IUBS DAB Program Leader Biodiversity Network Japan and Department of Biological Sciences, Chuo University 1-13-27 Kasuga, Bunkyo 112-8551, Japan Corresponding address: [email protected] DAB background The Great East Japan Earthquake that occurred on 11 March, 2011 followed by the collapse of the Fukushima Atomic Power Plant not only destroyed human life and property, but also seriously damaged biodiversity and primary industries of the area. Furthermore, many museums and biological specimens were also lost or damaged. The biodiversity and biological records are a part of the global biological resources that insure future sustainability, and should be inherited by the next generation in as good a condition as possible. Japan has paid considerable attention to biodiversity, e.g., renewing its National Biodiversity Strategy four times since 1995. However, the 3.11 disaster highlighted the lack of national academic and social systems that could continuously monitor local biodiversity and biological information to provide necessary data for urgent rescue activities of various aspects and fields. The 3.11 disaster also raised an urgent need to establish a protocol for precautionary measures in case of future disasters. Based on the experience in Japan the DAB project aims to accumulate similar cases worldwide in order to draw up standard measures and policies for various aspects of minimizing the influence of disasters. The Japanese Tsunami and Earthquake disaster and subsequent collapse of the Fukushima Atomic Power Plant in March 2011 induced a national movement to monitor the loss and recovery of biodiversity and related biological resources in local affected environments (Iwatsuki and Domoto, 2012). The disaster also damaged many museums and preserved biological specimens, including type specimens (Saito et al., 2011, Nishida, 2011). Various natural disasters and related human-invoked chain disasters, such as the one in Fukushima and even wars, not only impact biodiversity and bio-resources but also damage biological records that should be kept safely for future generations. Various reconstruction activities after a disaster may also affect local ecosystems and even ecological physiognomy. Because human life and traditional culture are subtended by and based on local biodiversity and ecosystems, special care should also be taken to maintain historical landscapes as part of biodiversity. The biological communities have never taken international action to discuss the influence of such disasters on biodiversity with regard to factors such as recovery process, sustainable reconstruction strategies and future precautionary approaches. 2 At the IUBS General Assembly in 2012 in China, the DAB program was proposed with the goal of summarizing recent disaster-related biodiversity loss, the recovery processes, influence on local biota as well as primary production (agriculture, fishing, etc.), damage to biological information and records, their salvage process, and the influence of human reconstruction activities on local biodiversity. It is also aimed to provide an international protocol for effective logistics to minimize the influence of disasters based on precautious risk management. One of the most important features of the current moment in human and earth history is that human activities have reached such a scale that could cause disasters. Huge storms, rising sea levels, and other unpredictable climate fluctuations possibly originating from human activities have caused serious biodiversity loss, which is disadvantageous to both local and global environments and economies. Recent natural disasters have occurred worldwide, though unrelated, have induced secondary