This is the author’s version of the article, first published in Journal of Urban Regeneration & Renewal, Volume 8 / Number 2 / Winter, 2014-15, pp. 133- 144 (12). https://www.henrystewartpublications.com/jurr Understanding and measuring social sustainability Email [email protected] Abstract Social sustainability is a new strand of discourse on sustainable development. It has developed over a number of years in response to the dominance of environmental concerns and technological solutions in urban development and the lack of progress in tackling social issues in cities such as inequality, displacement, liveability and the increasing need for affordable housing. Even though the Sustainable Communities policy agenda was introduced in the UK a decade ago, the social dimensions of sustainability have been largely overlooked in debates, policy and practice around sustainable urbanism. However, this is beginning to change. A combination of financial austerity, public sector budget cuts, rising housing need, and public & political concern about the social outcomes of regeneration, are focusing attention on the relationship between urban development, quality of life and opportunities. There is a growing interest in understanding and measuring the social outcomes of regeneration and urban development in the UK and internationally. A small, but growing, movement of architects, planners, developers, housing associations and local authorities advocating a more ‘social’ approach to planning, constructing and managing cities. This is part of an international interest in social sustainability, a concept that is increasingly being used by governments, public agencies, policy makers, NGOs and corporations to frame decisions about urban development, regeneration and housing, as part of a burgeoning policy discourse on the sustainability and resilience of cities. In this paper we describe how social sustainability is emerging as a practice in urban regeneration in the UK and draws on Social Life’s work in improving the social outcomes of development for communities. It includes a detailed assessment of experimental work carried out in 2011 for the Berkeley Group, in partnership with the University of Reading, to develop a social sustainability measurement framework, which will enable 1 Berkeley to evaluate community strength and quality of life in regard to new housing developments. Key words: Social sustainability; urban regeneration; community wellbeing 2 Understanding and measuring social sustainability What is social sustainability? Social sustainability is a process for creating sustainable, successful places that promote wellbeing, by understanding what people need from the places in which they live and work. Social sustainability combines design of the physical realm with design of the social world – infrastructure to support social and cultural life, social amenities, systems for citizen engagement and space for people and places to evolve (Woodcraft 2011, 16). In the UK, social sustainability is closely linked to concerns with wellbeing, social capital and quality of life at a neighbourhood level. The social life cities For decades urban policy and strategy has been dominated by thinking about the physical city: landmark architecture, transport, housing, urban development, and increasingly the technological infrastructure to create smarter, more productive, and greener cities. Clearly social issues like health, education, employment and public safety matter to city leaders, but policy and public services deal with people in the abstract rather than the particular, which is why so often plans diverge from reality in unpredictable and unintended ways. The social life of cities, in particular the ordinary, the small-scale and mundane aspects of urban life, are commonly overlooked as a source of insight and inspiration for city planners decision-makers. Looking at the everyday life of city streets and neighbourhoods provides a perspective on cities, social change and the radical variety of urban life, that is dramatically different to thinking about the city as an intelligent network or transport system with predefined ideas about how people will behave. Studying a high street, a neighbourhood park, or a local café can reveal much about the health and resilience of a community, such as what ideas like local, global or belonging mean in multi-ethnic, multi-lingual cities like London, as revealed by Suzanne Hall’s (S. Hall 2012; S. M. Hall 2013; S. Hall and Datta 2010) research 3 about south London’s Walworth Road or Martha Radice’s (Germain and Radice 2006) work on streets in Montreal. And, how focusing on lived experience in a particular place can teach us much about understanding the larger forces and changes at work in cities. Understanding urban sustainability The geographer Professor Ash Amin is among those calling for a better understanding of everyday urban social life to be brought into the debate about cities, planning and policy-making. He writes about the ‘being-togetherness’ (Amin 2006) that city life demands – the challenges of constantly negotiating diversity and difference in close proximity – and how the particular spatial organization of cities plays a role in intensifying the experience of integration or exclusion, marginalization or inequality. Amin suggests it is time to re-imagine the idea of the ‘Good City’ – an urban space that is open, inclusive, supportive and welcoming for all – because the reality of city living is so far from this ideal for so many people. He proposes a ‘practical urban utopianism’ that refocuses planning and urban development on the lived experience, social challenges and political resources of today (rather than those of an ideal and imaginary utopian future) with the relatedness of city life at s heart. Rebalancing how we understand urban sustainability to take account equally of social, economic and environmental issues brings the wellbeing and quality of life of individuals and neighbourhoods back into the debate; and in the process reconnects spatial and policy planning to peoples’ real needs and everyday lived experience. This means taking account of the messy reality of urban social life – the needs and aspirations of different neighbourhoods, some wealthy, some less so; the needs of old and young people, families and people working in the city in all kinds of occupations; and the multitude of different factors it takes to survive and flourish in the city – access to jobs, good quality housing, safe and integrated neighbourhoods, educational opportunities, affordable healthcare, having family, friends and support networks, the chance to take part in the social and cultural 4 life of the city, ways to participate in political decision making and voice concerns. Putting people at the heart of placemaking: research by Social Life Social Life is working with private and public sector organisations to put the concept of social sustainability into practice in urban planning, design and development. We work in partnership with housing associations, local authorities, planners, architects and developers to bring the lived experience of residents and local businesses into the planning and design process. We use a variety of research methods with an emphasis on in-depth qualitative work: ethnography, focus groups, street-based interviews and mapping spaces and experiences from the perspective of local people. Our aim is to understand how people’s everyday experience – their use of streets and public spaces, their choice of routes through a neighbourhood, their awareness of local history and culture – shapes and nfluences their erstanding of e. The insights from these research methods provide a rich picture of local experience that can inform the design and planning process. Sometimes this work illuminates distinct local patterns of social life, such as our recent work in Hackney Wick and Fish Island, which identified the intricate relationships between informal and formal living; also how working spaces and social networks can be rooted in a specific neighbourhood but connect to creative communities internationally. Our work in the Aylesbury Estate showed how a corner shop can become a key social hub for local residents, albeit an informal space and not a designated ‘community venue’. Measuring what we know about social sustainability Social Life is involved in several projects that focus on measuring the social effects of regeneration. These include work for Notting Hill Housing Trust to benchmark the outcomes from the regeneration of London’s Aylesbury Estate. For the London Borough of Sutton we have developed a measurement 5 framework in order to assess the impact of neighbourhood interventions on current residents. Both of these projects build on work carried out for the Berkeley Group, in partnership with the University of Reading, to develop a social sustainability measurement framework, which will enable Berkeley to evaluate community strength and quality of life in regard to new housing developments. The Social Life/University of Reading research team used social sustainability as a conceptual framework to bring together and measure a wide range of factors that are known to influence quality of life and community strength. A review of academic literature and policy work identified what is known theoretically and practically about social sustainability and its relationship to the built environment (Bramley 2006; Colantonio 2007; Dillard, Dujon, and King 2009; Colantonio