Bulletin 919 For-sale publication Copyright © 2005, Ohio State University Extension OSU Extension embraces human diversity and is committed to ensuring that all educational programs conducted by Ohio State University Extension are available to clientele on a nondis- criminatory basis without regard to race, color, age, gender identity or expression, disability, religion, sexual orientation, national origin, or veteran status. Keith L. Smith, Associate Vice President for Agricultural Administration and Director, Ohio State University Extension TDD No. 800-589-8292 (Ohio only) or 614-292-1868 5/05—3M—xxxxxx Authors Imed Dami Assistant Professor and Viticulture Specialist Department of Horticulture and Crop Science Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center The Ohio State University Bruce Bordelon Associate Professor and Viticulture Specialist Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture Purdue University David C. Ferree Professor Emeritus Department of Horticulture and Crop Science Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center The Ohio State University Maurus Brown Assistant Professor and Extension Educator Department of Extension The Ohio State University Michael A. Ellis Professor and Extension Specialist Department of Plant Pathology Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center The Ohio State University Roger N. Williams Professor Department of Entomology Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center The Ohio State University Douglas Doohan Associate Professor and Weed Specialist Department of Horticulture and Crop Science Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center The Ohio State University Acknowledgments Editing Joy Ann Fischer, Communications and Technology Graphic Design Tim Bowman, Communications and Technology Jesse R. Ewing, Communications and Technology Photography Bruce Bordelon, Ken Chamberlain, Imed Dami, David C. Ferree, Jodi Miller, Gene Sigel, Tom Zabadal Illustrations Imed Dami, Department of Horticulture and Crop Science Jesse R. Ewing, Communications and Technology The authors wish to thank the New York Agricultural Experiment Station, Cornell University, for supplying some of the figures used in this publication. Appreciation is also extended to the Ohio Wine Producers Association for providing some photographs used on the cover. Additional Copies Additional copies of this handbook can be purchased from Ohio State University Extension, Media Distribution, 385 Kottman Hall, 2021 Coffey Road, Columbus, OH 43210-1044. Phone: 614-292-1607. Fax: 614-292-1248. E-mail: [email protected]. References to products in this publication are not intended to be an endorsement to the exclusion of others that may be similar. Any person using products mentioned in this publication assumes full responsibility for their use in accordance with current directions of the manufacturer. The authors and Ohio State University Extension assume no liability resulting from the use of these products. Midwest Grape Production Guide Bulletin 919 Contents Introduction and History . 8 The Grapevine . 11 Site Selection . 13 Climate . 13 Winter Temperatures and Spring Frosts . 13 Topography . 14 Soils and Water Drainage . 15 Cultivar Selection . 18 Key Factors . 18 Special Cultural Practices Necessary for Vinifera Cultivars . 25 Grapevine Propagation . 28 Field (Nursery) Propagation . 28 Greenhouse Propagation . 29 Layering . 31 Grafting . 31 Vineyard Establishment . 33 Site Preparation . 33 Vineyard Design . 34 Polyethylene Mulch Application . 35 Vine Preparation and Planting . 35 Trellis Construction . 37 Pruning and Training . 39 Pruning and Training Young Vines . 39 Pruning Mature Vines . 42 Training Systems . 49 5 Crop Control and Canopy Management . 55 Concept of Crop Control . 55 Crop Control on Young Vines . 55 Canopy Management of Mature Vines . 55 Integrated Management of Grape Diseases . 62 Identifying and Understanding the Major Grape Diseases . 62 Use of Resistant Cultivars for Grape Disease Management . 82 Cultural Practices for Disease Control in Grapes . 83 Using Fungicides for Controlling Grape Diseases . 87 Fungicide Use Strategies for Grapes . 88 Fungicides for Controlling Specific Grape Diseases . 89 Grape Insect Pests . 97 Insects That Attack Grape Buds . 97 Insects That Attack Grape Flower Clusters and/or Berries . 99 Insects That Attack Grape Foliage . 106 Insects That Attack the Roots and Crown . 112 Mites That Attack Grapes . 115 Wildlife Management . .117 Birds . 117 Wild Turkey . 119 Deer . 119 Weeds and Weed Control . 122 Establishing New Vineyards . 126 Nurturing a Newly Planted Vineyard . 126 Maintaining Weed Control and Clean-Up Practices in Established Vineyards . 127 6 Controlling Specific Perennial Weeds with Systemic Herbicides . 129 Injury From Herbicides . 131 Soil Management . 134 Cultivation Plus Cover Crop . 134 Permanent-Sod Management . 134 Mulching . 135 Liming and Soil Reaction . ..