90mm 156mm 20.1mm 156mm 90mm Formerly a Fellow of the Institute for Advanced COLLINS Studies in the Humanities in the University of CALIPHS AND KINGS Edinburgh, Roger Collins is now a Fellow in the SPAIN, 796-1031 School of History, Classics and Archaeology of the University of Edinburgh. He has published widely in medieval Spanish and European history, and ROGER COLLINS his books include: The Basques (Blackwell, 1986), The Arab Conquest of Spain, 710–797 (Blackwell, The last twenty-five years have seen a renaissance 1989), Oxford Archaeological Guide to Spain (1998), CALIPHS AND KINGS: SPAIN, 796-1031 of research and writing on Spanish history. Caliphs Charlemagne (1998), Visigothic Spain, 409–711 and Kings offers a formidable synthesis of existing (Blackwell, 2004), and, most recently, Keepers of the knowledge as well as an investigation into new Keys of Heaven: A History of the Papacy (2009). historical thinking, perspectives, and methods. The nearly three-hundred-year rule of the Umayyad dynasty in Spain (756-1031) has been hailed by many as an era of unprecedented harmony and mutual tolerance between the three great religious faiths in the Iberian Peninsula – Christianity, Judaism, and Islam – the like of which has never been seen since. And yet, as this book demonstrates, historical reality defies the myth. Though the middle A HISTORY OF SPAIN A HISTORY OF SPAIN of the tenth century saw a flowering of artistic culture and sophistication in the Umayyad court and in the city of Córdoba, this period was all too short- 235mm lived and localized. Eventually, twenty years of civil “Dr Collins has provided a commendably clear, insightful, and war caused the implosion of the Umayyad regime. scholarly guide to the Umayyad period in Iberia. This latest It is through the forces that divided – not united – the disparate elements in Spanish society that we volume maintains the high standard of Wiley-Blackwell’s may best glean its nature and its lessons. Caliphs distinguished History of Spain series.” and Kings is devoted to better understanding those Simon Barton, University of Exeter CALIPHS AND KINGS circumstances, as historian Roger Collins takes a fresh look at certainties, both old and new, to strip ninth- and tenth-century Spain of its mythic SPAIN, 796-1031 narrative, revealing the more complex truth beneath. ROGER COLLINS Jacket image: Alfonso III and Queen Jimena with Bishop Gomelo II, from the Liber Testamentorum in Oviedo Cathedral, prepared for Bishop Pelayo of Oviedo in 1109 Jacket design by cyandesign.co.uk P1: TIX/XYZ P2: ABC JWST127-fm JWST127-Collins January 24, 2012 7:23 Printer Name: Yet to Come P1: TIX/XYZ P2: ABC JWST127-fm JWST127-Collins January 24, 2012 7:23 Printer Name: Yet to Come Caliphs and Kings P1: TIX/XYZ P2: ABC JWST127-fm JWST127-Collins January 24, 2012 7:23 Printer Name: Yet to Come AHISTORYOFSPAIN General Editor: John Lynch Published Iberia in Prehistory∗ Mar´ıa Cruz Fernndez Castro The Romans in Spain John S. Richardson Visigothic Spain 409–711 Roger Collins The Arab Conquest of Spain, 710–797 Roger Collins Caliphs and Kings: Spain, 796–1031 Roger Collins The Contest of Christian and Muslim Spain, 1031–1157 Bernard F. Reilly Spain, 1157–1300: A Partible Inheritance Peter Linehan Spain’s Centuries of Crisis: 1300–1474 Teofilo F. Ruiz The Spain of the Catholic Monarchs 1474–1520 John Edwards Spain 1516–1598: From Nation State to World Empire∗ John Lynch The Hispanic World in Crisis and Change, 1598–1700∗ John Lynch Bourbon Spain, 1700–1808∗ John Lynch Spain in the Liberal Age: From Constitution to Civil War, 1808–1939 Charles J. Esdaile Spain: From Dictatorship to Democracy, 1939 to the Present Javier Tusell ∗Out of print P1: TIX/XYZ P2: ABC JWST127-fm JWST127-Collins January 24, 2012 7:23 Printer Name: Yet to Come Caliphs and Kings Spain, 796–1031 Roger Collins A John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Publication P1: TIX/XYZ P2: ABC JWST127-fm JWST127-Collins January 24, 2012 7:23 Printer Name: Yet to Come This edition first published 2012 C 2012 Roger Collins Blackwell Publishing was acquired by John Wiley & Sons in February 2007. Blackwell’s publishing program has been merged with Wiley’s global Scientific, Technical, and Medical business to form Wiley-Blackwell. Registered Office John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK Editorial Offices 350 Main Street, Malden, MA 02148-5020, USA 9600 Garsington Road, Oxford, OX4 2DQ, UK The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK For details of our global editorial offices, for customer services, and for information about how to apply for permission to reuse the copyright material in this book please see our website at www.wiley.com/wiley-blackwell. The right of Roger Collins to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted in accordance with the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the publisher. Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books. Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks. All brand names and product names used in this book are trade names, service marks, trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners. The publisher is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book. This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information in regard to the subject matter covered. It is sold on the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional should be sought. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Collins, Roger, 1949- Caliphs and kings : Spain, 796-1031 / Roger Collins. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-631-18184-2 (cloth) 1. Spain–History–711-1516. 2. Spain–History–711-1516–Historiography. 3. Andalusia (Spain)–History–To 1500. 4. Asturias (Spain)–History–To 1500. 5. Castile (Spain)– History–To 1500. 6. Leon´ (Spain : Province)–History–To 1500. 7. Navarre (Spain)–History–To 1500. I. Title. DP99.C584 2012 946.02–dc23 2011043331 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Typeset in 10.5/12.5pt Minion by Aptara Inc., New Delhi, India 1 2012 P1: TIX/XYZ P2: ABC JWST127-fm JWST127-Collins January 24, 2012 7:23 Printer Name: Yet to Come For Judith and in memory of Margaret Amy Collins (1929–2011) P1: TIX/XYZ P2: ABC JWST127-fm JWST127-Collins January 24, 2012 7:23 Printer Name: Yet to Come P1: TIX/XYZ P2: ABC JWST127-fm JWST127-Collins January 24, 2012 7:23 Printer Name: Yet to Come Contents Genealogies viii Maps xi Introduction 1 1 Al-Andalus: War and Society, 796–888 14 2 The Asturian Kingdom: Chroniclers and Kings, 791–910 50 3 The Christians of al-Andalus 83 4 Monks, Books, and Saints in the Christian North 104 5 Al-Andalus: Local Government versus the Capital, 888–928 121 6TheKingdomofLeon,´ 910–1037 138 7 Al-Andalus: Umayyad Triumph and Disaster, 912–1031 166 8 The Kingdom of Navarre and the Pyrenean Counties, 799–1035 205 9 The County of Castile, c.860–1037 238 Bibliography 257 Glossary 300 Acknowledgments 302 Index 304 P1: TIX/XYZ P2: ABC JWST127-fm JWST127-Collins January 24, 2012 7:23 Printer Name: Yet to Come Al-Walīd I Sulaymān Hishām Yazid II Marwān II (705–715) (715–717) (724–743) (720–724) (744–750) Ibrāhīm Yazid III Mu′awiya Al-Walīd II (744) (744) (743–744) - ‘Abd al-Rah. man I (756–788) Hisha-m I Sulayma-n ‘Abd Alla-h (788–796) Al-H. akam I (796–822) - - ‘Abd al-Rah. man II Al-Walid (822–852) Muh. ammad I (852–886) Al-Mundhir ‘Abd Alla-h (886–888) (888–912) Muh. ammad - ‘Abd al-Rah. man III (912–961) - - Al-H. akam II ‘Abd al-Malik Sulayman ‘Abd al-Jabbar ‘Ubayd Allah (961–976) - - - Hisham II Muh. ammad Al-H. akam Hisham ‘Abd al-Rah. man (976–1009, 1010–1013) - Sulayman Muh. ammad III (1009, 1013–1016) (1024–1025) - - - ‘Abd al-Rah. man IV Hisham III Muh. ammad II ‘Abd al-Rah. man V (1018) (1027–1031) (1009) (1023–1024) Figure 1 Genealogy of the Spanish Umayyads. Note: Caliphs of the Syrian Umayyad line, from whom the Spanish Umayyads descended, are shown in italic type. JWST127-fmP1: TIX/XYZ JWST127-Collins P2: ABC January 24, 2012 7:23 Printer Name: Yet to Come Pelagius = ? Peter = ? (c.718–737) Duke of Cantabria Fafila = Froiluba Ermesinda = Alfonso I “the Catholic” Fruela = ? (737–739) (739–757) Fruela I “the Cruel” = Munia Adosinda = Silo Mauregatus Aurelius Vermudo I “the Deacon” = ? (757–768) (774–783) (783–788) (768–774) (788–791) Alfonso II “the Chaste” (sister) = ? Ramiro I = 2 wives (791–842) (842–850) Nepotian Ordoño I = ? (842) (850–866) Alfonso III “the Great” = Jimena (866–910) Figure 2 Genealogy of the kings of the Asturias (c.718–910). JWST127-fmP1: TIX/XYZ JWST127-Collins P2: ABC January 24, 2012 7:23 Printer Name: Yet to Come KINGS OF LEON KINGS OF NAVARRE Alfonso III “the Great” = Jimena (866–910) García Ordon~o II = Elvira Fruela II “the Leper” Sancho Garcés I = Toda Asnárez ® Jimeno Garcés (910–913/4) (913/4–924) (924–925) (905–925) (925–933) Adosinda = Ramiro II = Urraca Sánchez Alfonso IV “the Monk” = In~iga Sancho = Gotona García Sánchez I = Teresa (931–951) (of Navarre) (925–931) (925–929) (925–971) Ordon~o III Sancho I “the Fat” = Teresa Elvira ® Ordon~o IV “the Bad” = Urraca Fernández = Sancho Garcés II “Abarca” Raimro (951–956) (956–966) (958–959) (971–995) Vermudo II “the Gouty” = Elvira ® Ramiro III = Sancha García Sánchez II “the Trembler” = Jimena ® (982/4–999) (966–985) (995–1004) Alfonso V = Elvira ~ Sancho Garcés III “the Great” = Mayor (999–1028) Ordono Velazquita (1004–1035) Vermudo III Sancha = Fernando I of Castile-León García Sánchez III of Navarre Ramiro I of Aragón (1028–1037) (1037–1065) (1035–1054) (1035–1063) ® = regents Figure 3 Genealogy of the kings of Leon and Navarre.