Functional Copolymers of Maleic Anhydride - Synthesis and Application Von der Fakultät für Mathematik, Informatik und Naturwissenschaften der RWTH Aachen University zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades eines Doktors der Naturwissenschaften genehmigte Dissertation Vorgelegt von Diplom-Chemiker Marian Szkudlarek aus Krappitz Berichter: Universitätsprofessor Dr. rer. nat. Martin Möller Universitätsprofessor Dr. rer. nat. Andrij Pich Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 03.09.2019 Diese Dissertation ist auf den Internetseiten der Universitätsbibliothek verfügbar. To my family: Sylwia, Marta and Robert Table of Contents List of abbreviations v Summary viii Chapter 1 Introduction 1 Chapter 2 Literature review: Radical batch copolymerization. Copolymers of homogenous 8 composition. Fluorinated polymers. 10 Maleic anhydride 11 Antimicrobial Quaternary Ammonium Salt Polymers (QAS) 21 Chapter 3 Synthesis of Terpolymers with Homogeneous Composition by 36 Free Radical Copolymerization of Maleic Anhydride, Perfluorooctyl and Butyl or Dodecyl Methacrylates: Application of the Continuous Flow Monomer Addition Technique Appendix Chapter 3 65 Chapter 4 Solubility, Emulsification and Surface Properties of Maleic 79 Anhydride, Perfluorooctyl and Alkyl Meth-Acrylate Terpolymers Chapter 5 Water soluble perfluorinated terpolymers containing phosphate 97 groups. Chapter 6 Synthesis, modification and antimicrobial properties of copolymers 118 of maleic anhydride and 4-methyl-1-pentene. List of Publications 151 Acknowledgements 152 List of abbreviations List of abbreviations, acronyms and symbols: δ chemical shift Θ contact angle μL micro liter º degree (angle) °C Celsius degree 1H-NMR proton nuclear magnetic resonance Å angstrom Ac2O acetic anhydride AcOH acetic acid AFM atomic force microscopy AIBN 2,2’-azobisisobutyro nitrile Al anodised aluminium Al2O3 aluminium oxide ATRP atom-transfer radical polymerisation BMA butyl methacrylate BPO benzoyl peroxide C carbon CaH2 calcium hydrate CDCl3 chloroform CFU colony forming unit CH3COONa sodium acetate CHCl3 chloroform d doublet (NMR) D2O deuterium oxide DMA dodecyl methacrylate DMAPA N,N-dimethylamino propyl amine DMF dimethyl formamide DMSO dimethyl sulfoxide DSC differential scanning calorimetry EA elemental analysis EGMP ethylene glycol methacrylate phosphate Eq. equation Et3N triethylamine EtAc ethyl acetate EtOH ethanol F8H2MA 1H,1H,2H2H-perfluorodecyl methacylate fl.p. flesh point Freon-113 1,1,2-Trichlor-1,2,2-trifluorethan FT-IR fourier transform infrared spectroscopy GPC gel permeation chromatography H hydrogen h hour H3PO4 phosphoric acid HCl hydrochloric acid HD hexadecane HEMA 1-hydroxyethyl methacrylate HFX 1,3-Bis(trifluoromethyl)benzene v List of abbreviations Hg mercury Hz hertz I iodine i-BuAc iso-butyl acetate IR infrared spectroscopy J coupling constant K kelvin KBr potassium bromide L liter m multiplet (NMR) MEHQ hydroquinone monomethyl ether MEK 2-butanone MeOH methanol mg milligram MHz megahertz MIC minimum inhibitory concentration min minute mm millimeter MMA methyl methacrylate Mn number average molecular weight Mw weight average molecular weight MP 4-methyl-1-pentene MSA maleic anhydride Mw/Mn molecular weight distribution (dispersity, Đ) N nitrogen NBu3 tributylamine NH4OH ammonium hydroxide NHex3 trihexylamine nm nanometer NN non-identified NOct3 trioctylamine NPr3 tripropylamine O oxygen PBS phosphate buffered saline Đ dispersity ppm parts per million PVA poly(vinyl alcohol) q quartet QAS quaternary ammonium salt RFMA perfluoalkyl methacrylate RH alkyl moiety RHMA alkyl methacrylate RI refractive index Rp reaction rate constant RT room temperature s singulett (NMR) SDS sodium dodecyl sulfate t triplet (MNR) tBMA tert-butyl methacrylate Tg glass transition temperature vi List of abbreviations TGA thermogravimetric analysis THF tetrahydrofuran TMSC trimethylsilyl chloride UV ultraviolet vol volume W watt wt% weight percent vii Summary This thesis deals with the synthesis, characterization and properties of copolymers containing maleic anhydride and fluorinated building blocks prepared by means of free radical copolymerization. Free radical polymerization in binary or ternary systems usually leads to a blend of polymer chains with different composition as a consequence of different monomer reactivity, hence the most reactive monomers are consumed first, and consequently the polymer is enriched in monomers of lower reactivity. This effect is even stronger, when monomers which cannot undergo homopolymerization are used. The preferred route to overcome this problem is to feed continuously the reaction mixture with monomers at the same rate at which they are consumed. In Chapter 3 copolymerization of maleic anhydride, butyl-methacrylate and 1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorodecylmethacrylate is described. The kinetics of the copolymerization of F8H2MA/MSA, BMA/MSA, and F8H2MA/BMA have been extensively studied under well-defined reaction conditions: the determined copolymerization parameters were rF8H2MA = 4.9, rMSA = 0, rBMA = 8.2, rMSA = 0, and rF8H2MA = 1.02, rBMA = 0.94. The reaction rates at chosen conditions were between Rp=0.47 wt%/min for a monomer mixture BMA/F8H2MA/MSA = 1.75:0.75:7.5 and Rp=0.73 wt%/min for BMA/F8H2MA/MSA = 1:1:1. The determined reaction rates and the composition of the terpolymers were used to perform successfully continuous addition experiments in order to produce a bigger quantity of homogenous terpolymers. The versatility of the method has been proven by using a different set of monomers namely dodecyl methacrylate (DMA), 1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorodecyl meth- acrylate (F8H2MA) and maleic anhydride (MSA). The copolymers were characterized in term of molecular weight and thermal properties. Fluorinated terpolymers P[RFMA-co-RHMA-co- MSA] (RH = C4H9-, C12H25-, RF- = C10H4F19-) obtained in continuous addition experiments and containing ca. 20 mol% fluorinated side chains can be dissolved in semi polar solvents like tetrahydrofuran, chloroform or ethyl acetate as well as in fluorinated solvents like HFX and Freon 113 (Chapter 4). On incorporation of dodecyl-side chains (RH = C12H25-) the polymers become also soluble in alkane solvents. Up to 15-20 mol% MSA content is not sufficient to induce water solubility, even in case of carboxylate formation by hydrolysis of the anhydride units. Emulsification of solutions in organic solvents of the terpolymers showed to be unstable; they demix within days. The P[RFMA-co-RHMA-co-MSA] terpolymers were coated on glass from 1 wt% solution in chloroform. The contact angles of water and hexadecane as wetting liquids were measured at 20°C prior and immediately after an annealing step (12h, 120°C) and were found to be equal: 110 ° against water and above 70 ° for hexadecane. This means that viii during the film formation process the mobility of fluorinated chains is sufficient to ensure proper orientation of the fluorinated side chains already at room temperature. Such behavior is possible because of relatively low Tg of these copolymers. The surface properties of the coatings obtained on aluminum substrates are comparable with coatings on glass both for water and hexadecane. The properties of the coating obtained on paper are different and the measured values for both wetting liquids are lower than for the other two substrates. This phenomenon can be explained by the fact that the terpolymer solution penetrates the paper and consequently does not form a closed film. In summary RH, RF, MSA–terpolymers of moderate fluorine content are versatile, flexible to handle materials that offer wide screen of application for surface modification. To further increase the adhesion properties of these copolymers - especially to metallic surfaces - phosphoric acid groups were incorporated using ethylene glycol methacrylate phosphate (EGMP) as comonomers (Chapter 5). An obstacle in performing continuous addition polymerization experiments was the fact that due to overlapping signals in the 1H NMR spectra the composition of these copolymers could not be unequivocally determined. However, these materials showed good solubility in aqueous ammonia solution and appropriate surface properties due to the presence of fluorinated building blocks. The surface properties of different polymer composition were investigated after coating from water based formulations on glass substrates and annealing above the glass transition temperature. Coatings with hydrophobicity up to 120 ° were obtained. The relatively low thermal stability of phosphorus containing copolymers implies limitations in an application. The aim to create a synthetic, amphiphilic structure with strong antimicrobial properties comparable with natural toxins, led to copolymers of maleic anhydride with vinyl monomers (Chapter 6). Vinyl monomers and maleic anhydride yield alternating copolymers. This ensures a constant 1:1 ratio of the hydrophobic and cationic part similar to those in leucine/lysine (1:1) peptides (LK-peptides). The choice of 4-methyl-1-pentene as hydrophobic comonomer is based on the similarity of the structure with leucine, while the choice of maleic anhydride leaves ample of space for further design of the cationic/hydrophilic part by means of chemical modification. An alternating copolymer of maleic anhydride and 4-methyl-1-pentene was synthesized by means of free radical copolymerization in the presence of benzoyl peroxide (BPO) as initiator. Modification of the P[MP-alt-MSA] copolymer with diamine to poly[(4- methyl-1-pentene)-alt-(1-(3-N,N-dimethylaminopropyl)maleimide)] was performed