v International Journal of Child and Adolescent Resilience Volume 2, Number 1, 2014 Issue Topic: Resilience Processes and Issues in Partner Violence “Reach” by Cecelia Webber Editor-in-Chief: Christine Wekerle, Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University Guest Editor: Tara Black, Factor-Inwentash Faculty of Social Work, University of Toronto ISSN 2292-1761 Website: www.in-car.ca Twitter: @ResilienceInYou The International Journal of Child and Adolescent Resilience Volume 2, Number 1, 2014 - Issue Topic: Resilience Processes and Issues in Partner Violence ISSN 2292-1761 © 2014 International Journal of Child and Adolescent Resilience. Published by the International Network of Child and Adolescent Resilience (www.in-car.ca) Editor-in-Chief: Christine Wekerle, Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University Guest Editor: Tara Black, Factor-Inwentash Faculty of Social Work, University of Toronto Research Assistance: Ronald Chung; Serena Goel; Dena Zeraatkar; Zachary O’Brien Editorial Board Members: Tracie Afifi (Departments of Community Health Sciences, Psychiatry, and Family Social Sciences, University of Manitoba) • Katherine Boydell (Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto) • Pedro Calado (Programa Escolhas, Portugal) • David Danto (Department of Psychology, University of Guelph-Humber) • Barbara Fallon (Factor-Inwentash Faculty of Social Work, University of Toronto) • Antoinette Farmer (School of Social Work, Rutgers University) • Takeo Fuijwara (Department of Social Medicine, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development) • Abby Goldstein (Applied Psychology & Human Development, Ontario Institute for Studies in Education, University of Toronto) • Hayley Hamilton (Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto) • Richard Isralowitz (Ben Gurion University) • Susan Jack (Faculty of Nursing, McMaster University) • Samantha Longman-Mills (Department of Community Health and Psychiatry, University of West Indies) • Graham Martin (Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, The University of Queensland) • Anne Rhodes (Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto) Layout: Marlyn Bennett (EB2 Image Design Research - www.eb2image.net) Cover Illustration: Reach, by Cecelia Webber (www.ceceliawebber.ca) Articles herein are the responsibility of and copyrighted to the authors. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent the official policies and/or opinions of the International Network of Child and Adolescent Resilience. Publication Policies: IJCAR is published under Creative Commons - Attribution 2.5 Canada (http:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.5/ca/). VolumeVolume 1,2, Number 2, Number 1, 2013,2014, 1, 2014 pp. Issue Topic: Resilience Processes and Issues in Partner Violence International Journal of Child and Adolescent Resilience Table of Contents Relationships between stressful life events, Jacinthe Dion, Jennifer Hains, 4-15 psychological distress and resilience among Isabelle Daigneault, and Pierre McDuff Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal adolescents Responding to intimate partner violence: Child Kristina Nikolova, Barbara Fallon, 16-28 welfare policies and practices Tara Black, and Kate Allan Dating violence among child welfare-involved youth: Masako Tanaka, and 29-36 Results from the Maltreatment and Adolescent Christine Wekerle Pathway (MAP) Longitudinal Study Academic buoyancy and mattering Gordon L. Flett, Chang Su, Liang Ma, 37-45 as resilience factors in Chinese adolescents: An and Lianrong Guo analysis of shame, social anxiety, and psychological distress Factors associated with resilience in preschoolers Martine Hébert, Rachel Langevin, 46-58 reporting sexual abuse: A typological analysis and Florence Charest Integrating mindfulness skills training into a brief Lisa C. Vettese, Alexandra J. Fiocco, 59-70 outpatient treatment for substance abusing youth Katherina M. Yerro, Sana Imran, and Wing Ling Li BRIEF REPORT Child welfare investigations involving exposure Barbara Fallon, Tara Black, Kristina 71-76 to intimate partner violence: Case and worker Nikolova,Sarah Tarshis, and Stephanie Baird characteristics BOOK REVIEW Helander, E. (2011). Lost lives: The pandemic violence Yashna Vaidya and Rhea D’Costa 77-80 against children. Stockholm, Sweden: Academic Press Lund, Sweden 3 International Journal of Child and Adolescent Resilience Relationships between stressful life events, psychological distress and resilience among Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal adolescents Jennifer Hains1, Jacinthe Dion1*, Isabelle Daigneault2, Pierre McDuff2 1 Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, *Corresponding author: [email protected] 2 Université de Montréal Authors’ Note: Jennifer Hains, B.A., Department of Health Sciences, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi; Jacinthe Dion, Ph.D., Department of Health Sciences, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi; Isabelle Daigneault, Ph.D., Department of Psychology, Université de Montréal; Pierre McDuff, M.Sc., Department of Psychology, Université de Montréal. All the authors are members of the Centre de recherche interdisciplinaire sur les problèmes conjugaux et les agressions sexuelles (CRIPCAS) [Interdisciplinary Research Center on Conjugal Problems and Sexual Abuse]. Abstract: Objective(s): In order to shed light on the impacts of various stressful life events and resilience factors during adolescence and across different cultural backgrounds, this study explored a variety of protective and vulnerability factors associated with psychological distress among Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal youth. Methods: The participants were 207 adolescents (mean age = 15.8 years, 55% female, 45% Aboriginal) recruited from two secondary schools located in Innu communities of Saguenay-Lac-St-Jean and Côte Nord (Canada). Data were collected on psychological distress, exposure to stressful life events, and resilience. Results: Six multiple linear regressions were conducted to predict six dimensions of psychological distress. Sexual abuse, family violence and other stressful life events were all associated with higher levels of psychological symptoms. Individual resilience factors were associated with lower levels of depression, anxiety, dissociation and post-traumatic stress (PTS), whereas relational/familial resilience factors were associated with lower levels of anger and sexual concerns. The relationship with contextual resilience was not significant. Conclusions and implications: Overall, these results indicate that stressful life events such as sexual abuse and family violence may have deleterious effects on the mental health of Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal adolescents. However, some individual and relational factors may have positive effects on their mental health. These findings may provide hope for communities under greater stress and support the importance of establishing culturally sensitive intervention strategies that strengthen the key protective factors identified in this study. Keywords: Resilience, stressful life events, psychological distress, Aboriginal, adolescent, protective factors, risk factors, child sexual abuse, family violence 4 International Journal of Child and Adolescent Resilience Volume 1,2, Number 1, 2013,2014, pp. 4-15 Acknowledgments: This research was supported by a grant from the Université du Québec à Chicoutimi. We thank the school directors, teachers and students for their generous collaboration in this project as well as the research International Journal of Child and Adolescent Resilience assistants, in particular Erika Bacon, Marie-Frédéric Bouchard, François Muckle and Delphine Lagacé, for their assistance in collecting data. Introduction including an accumulation of historical traumas (e.g., residential schools, loss of cultural traditions), and Exposure to stressful life events during childhood the law of silence and corruption within the justice and adolescence often leads to serious mental system, which results in a lack of social control and a health consequences that persist into adulthood climate of insecurity (Bopp, Bopp, & Lane, 2003). (e.g., MacMillan et al., 2001). It is well documented that exposure to family violence during childhood Aboriginal youth’s resilience is associated with greater risks of alcohol and drug These data suggest that Aboriginal adolescents misuse, internalizing and externalizing behavior have to adapt to an adverse environment that could problems, and depression and anxiety in adolescence seriously threaten their mental health. Nonetheless, and adulthood (Gilbert et al., 2009). Other stressful some studies that focused on protective factors in life events such as sexual abuse (Gilbert et al.), Aboriginal communities, though few, suggest that a parental incarceration (Kjellstrand & Eddy, 2011) large proportion of adolescents (56 to 60% in some and parental separation (Cartwright, 2006) also have studies; Hopkins, Taylor, D’Antoine, & Zubrick, negative effects on mental health that often carry 2012; Lafromboise, Hoyt, Oliver, & Whitbeck, through into adulthood. 2006) continue to thrive in the face of exposure Violence in Aboriginal communities to stressful life events and do not necessarily develop psychological problems in adulthood. This Some youth are more likely than others to maintenance of positive adaptation despite a context be exposed to these stressful life events. One of significant adversity refers to resilience (Luthar, example is Aboriginal adolescents, of whom a Cicchetti, & Becker, 2000). Resilience research is large proportion live in a cultural minority setting fundamental in Aboriginal communities