BelugaBelugaBelugaBeluga Wetlands Field Trip Guide WWWetlandsetlandsetlands EcologyEcologyEcology ActivityActivityActivity GuideGuideGuide Center for Alaskan Coastal Studies. P.O. Box 2225, Homer, AK 99603. (907) 235-6667 www.akcoastalstudies.org Center for Alaskan Coastal Studies 1 2003 Beluga Wetlands Field Trip Guide Acknowledgments Contact Information: Project Coordinator: Marilyn Sigman, Center for Alaskan Coastal Studies Designed & Written By: Marilyn Sigman Elizabeth Trowbridge Center for Alaskan Coastal Studies P.O. Box 2225 Illustrations by: Homer, AK 99603 Conrad Field, Alaska Department of Fish and Game, (907) 235-6667 Alaska Ecology Cards [email protected] Reviewers: Bree Murphy Grant Support Provided by: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Alaska Coastal Program The Center for Alaskan Coastal Studies would like to thank the following people for their time and commitment to assisting with the development of a Beluga Wetlands Ecology education program: Carmen Field, Melonie Shipman, Martha Brisco, Joan Smiley, Joyce Robinette. W e also thank John DeLapp, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Alaska Coastal Program, for his help and encouragement throughout the project. Front cover photo credit: CACS 2 Center for Alaskan Coastal Studies 2003 Beluga Wetlands Field Trip Guide Table of Contents Introduction............................................................................................................ 5-15 Overview of Program .......................................................................................... 5 Beluga Wetlands Learning Objectives ............................................................... 5 Background ..................................................................................................... 6-13 Beluga Lake Plants and Animals ....................................................................... 14 Beluga Slough Plants and Animals ................................................................... 15 Program Activities ......................................................................................... 16-47 Slough Stew .................................................................................................. 17-19 Beluga Slough Activities Wetland Metaphors ........................................................................... 20-21 Wetland Cards .................................................................................... 22-40 Slough Scavenger Hunt ..................................................................... 41-43 Beluga Lake Activities Investigating Water Animals .............................................................. 44-47 Teacher Packet Pre-Trip Activities Make a Wetland Model........................................................................ 49-50 A Wetlands Visit ................................................................................. 51-52 Wetland Worth ................................................................................... 53-56 Post Trip Activities Where Do You Draw the Line? ......................................................... 57-58 Shrinking Habitat................................................................................. 59-61 Science Standards ........................................................................................ 62-63 Glossary ............................................................................................................ 64-65 Center for Alaskan Coastal Studies 3 2003 Beluga Wetlands Field Trip Guide Table of Contents continued... Bibliography & Resources ............................................................................ 66 Appendix 1 Estuary Soup Recipe Card Appendix 3 What is a Wetland Information Appendix 3 Macroinvertebrate Identification Cards 4 Center for Alaskan Coastal Studies 2003 Beluga Wetlands Field Trip Guide Introduction The Beluga Wetlands Ecology program is an opportunity for students to explore both a freshwater and a saltwater wetland. The focus is on understanding the functions of a wetland and providing an enriching outdoor experience for students to discover wetlands in a hands-on interactive way. Students will be making observations as well as collecting data for long term monitoring of the freshwater and saltwater Beluga Lake and wetland environments. Overview of program: After a brief introduction to wetlands and the origin of Beluga Lake, students will be introduced to Clarice/ Clarence the Creative Chef who will lead a very engaging dialogue depicting the cooking of "Slough Stew" which will lay the foundation for learning about the importance of wetlands and the role of detritus in the food chain. Students will then break up into two groups. One group will go to Beluga Lake for the freshwater portion of the field trip and the other group will go to Beluga Slough for the saltwater/estuary portion of the field trip. These two parts are outlined below. Part 1 - The instructor will provide a brief review of basic wetlands terminology and an introduction to freshwater wetlands, then describe freshwater wetland zonation. Students will learn about the characteristic plants of the transition zone and lake shoreline. They will discuss the importance of wetland habitats to local wildlife and wildlife use. On the Beluga Lake boardwalk students will conduct an aquatic invertebrate sampling activity. Wrap-up will include a species identification, and a discussion on the role of these invertebrates in the freshwater ecosystem. Emphasis will be on how the presence or absence of macroinvertebrates signals the health and ecological condition of a freshwater ecosystem and the importance of the lake as a nesting habitat for waterfowl. Part 2 - The instructor will provide a brief review of basic wetland terminology and an introduction to saltwater/estuarine wetlands, then describe saltwater zonation as students investigate Beluga Slough. The instructor will also describe salt-tolerance in plants and assist with identification of plant species growing in the marsh. The instructor will explain sediment transport and deposition and relate it to one or more functional values of saltwater wetlands, and present various wildlife uses and values to humans that this estuarine ecosystem provides. Migratory waterfowl and animal signs will be pointed out. Emphasis will be on the importance of the slough as a refueling stop for migratory birds and mammals and its importance as a biological supermarket. Beluga Wetlands Ecology Learning Objectives: Students will Compare and contrast fresh and saltwater wetland functions Identify wetland plants and wildlife characteristic of wetlands Collect and identify aquatic invertebrates in the field Center for Alaskan Coastal Studies 5 2003 Beluga Wetlands Field Trip Guide Background Wetlands are technically characterized as transitional lands between terrestrial and aquatic systems where the water table is usually at or near the surface or the land is covered by shallow water. They are areas where saturation with water is the dominant factor determining the nature of soil development and the types of plant and animal communities living in the soil and on its surface. Wetlands are very important ecosystems and provide habitat for 5,000 spp. of plants, 190 spp. of amphibians and 1/3 of all bird spp. in the U.S. Wetlands must also have one or more of the following three attributes: 1) at least periodically, the land supports predominantly plants that grow only in water 2) the substrate is predominantly undrained hydric soil 3) the substrate is nonsoil and is saturated with water or covered by shallow water at some time during the growing season of each year Alaska contains 174,683,900 acres of wetlands (in 14 categories) which is 43.3% of Alaska's surface area and 63% of the total wetland acreage in the United States, excluding Hawaii. There are many different wetland types in Alaska, including: bogs, muskegs, wet and moist tundra, fens, marshes, swamps, mud flats, and salt marshes. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) manages 22% of Alaska’s wetlands (though most are marshlands which make up almost 2/3 of Alaska’s wetlands) and over 80% of Alaska’s wetlands are under public management of some kind. According to U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, approximately 1/10th of the original wetland acreage in Alaska was lost between 1780 and 1980. Alarmingly, more than half of the wetlands in the United States have been lost since the birth of our country. Alaska's wetlands provide many benefits: food and habitat for wildlife, fish and shellfish natural products for human use (e.g. clothing) & subsistence resources through hunting, fishing, and trapping (five spp. of salmon, shellfish, ducks, geese, beaver, otter, berries, labrador tea & willow) shoreline erosion and sediment control flood protection opportunities for passive recreation (wildlife viewing, photography, education, x-c skiing, hiking, sketching, open space & aesthetic enjoyment) nesting and feeding grounds for migratory birds feeding and nursery (spawning/rearing) grounds for adult/juvenile fish and invertebrates feeding grounds for non-resident mammals high production of plant/animal biomass water stored in wetlands help keep rivers, lakes & underground reservoirs full filtration for pollution / purify groundwater streambank erosion prevention with plants holding soil & helping to keep streams & rivers clear / natural storm barriers base of food chain in estuarine wetlands - the source of nutrients for ocean’s “soup” mixture (detritus) 6 Center